what are cull cows used for

National Beef Quality Audit-2000: survey of targeted cattle and carcass characteristics related to quality, quantity, and value of fed steers and heifers. (2018b) found an average transport distance of 129 km and an average time of 3.1 h. Most of the cows (42%) were transported for a distance between 101 and 200 km, and 40% were transported for <2 h. In contrast, Gonzlez et al. The Beef Audits have generally shown that cull cows, bulls, and cull dairy cows make up about 20% of the beef available for consumption in the United States. However, limitations such as low body condition score, lameness or mobility problems, and visual defects remain persistent. A.. . (1992) advocated that the yield and quality grading system for mature cows should be redefined to accurately categorize cow carcasses according to cow beef marketing practices (percentage of lean, muscle to bone ratio, and percentage of primal and denuded subprimal cuts) and palatability attributes (tenderness, juiciness, flavor). (2004) found that 50% of the surveyed producers preferred to sell their cows using both market channels, but 40% preferred only live auctions and 10% sold cows exclusively to packers. PennSate Ext. Several associations provide training programs, guidelines, manuals and material for animal care and handling; however, there is no verification for adherence to these guidelines (Edwards-Callaway et al., 2019). Above all, culling healthy and well-conditioned dairy cows is essential to maximize the yield and quality of intact-muscle cuts and the commercial value of these cows. Locomotion scores range from 1: cow walks normal with no apparent lameness, to 4: cow is extremely reluctant to move even when encouraged (Harris et al., 2017). Seventy-seven percent of shipments sent to a market, auction, or stockyard traveled short distances (1.6 to 78.8 km) and 22% traveled long distances (80 km to >402 km). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Recent evaluations of cull dairy cows during transport to packing plants have reported results that suggest greater attention and enforcement are needed. 2020b. Besides deterioration of the physical and clinical condition of cull dairy cows, transportation can also cause body weight shrinkage, increased frequency of non-ambulatory conditions, damage to the carcass through bruising, and stress-induced meat quality problems such as dark-cutting, which all can result in economic losses (Dahl-Pedersen et al., 2018b). Investigating the effect of preslaughter feeding and ractopamine hydrochloride supplementation, Allen et al. Mark. Many well-nourished commercial beef cows would be graded "Boning utility" cows. Recently, Stojkov et al. Ground beef: Cull cows are often turned into ground beef, which is used in a wide variety of products, from burgers to meatloaf to chili. Cull cows are used for a variety of purposes in the agriculture industry. Body weight along with BCS and MS are used to determine carcass yield, and consequently, cow price per unit of weight. One way to match cows' needs to available grass is to sell cows. Harris et al. Johnson and Rogers (1997) reported regression equations that could be used to define and reflect current industry processing practices more accurately than previously available equations. The carcass is most likely to be classified as dark cutting when ultimate pH is 5.87 or greater (Page et al., 2001). Insp. Zurbrigg, K., Kelton D., Anderson N., and Millman S.. . Cuts such as T-bone steaks, porterhouse steaks, and rib roasts from cattle older than 30 mo cannot be saved for human food, unless the SRM portion of the cut (i.e., the vertebral column) is removed (FSIS, 2020b). 2004. Cow value at the time of marketing is estimated by buyers based upon visual criteria intended to assess cow health, meat yield, and derived beef product value. Health Issues: Cows that develop chronic health issues like mastitis or lameness may no longer be able to produce milk or reproduce effectively. Predicting the yield and composition of mature cow carcasses. Sweeney estimates Ireland will need to reduce its number of cattle by 1 million by 2030. (1994) reported that cows in early lactation contained 6.85% units less fat per unit of empty body weight than the average for cows in the prepartum and late lactation groups. Monit. Although traceability is often seen as a biosecurity and food safety tool, improvement of product yield and strengthening of consumer trust are also potential benefits. This cow supply is beneficial to the U.S. beef industry because it has relatively uniform availability year around and because the ungraded sub-primal cuts and high-lean trimmings are complementary to the beef supplied by grain-finished steers and heifers. During mid-lactation, the gastrointestinal tract tends to be slightly heavier with higher gut fill, which corresponds to cows with low BCS having a higher percentage of offal components (Shemeis et al., 1994a). Serv. These cows have reached the end of their productive lives, and farmers must decide how to best utilize them. To minimize these risks, its important to follow proper sanitation and biosecurity protocols at all stages of cull cow handling and disposal. Cows that A descriptive study of the clinical condition of cull dairy cows before transport to slaughter. As indicated by Phillips et al. 2019. (2009) reported DP for market dairy cow carcasses to be 50.5%, 54.8%, and 54.6% for control, 90-d fed, and 90-d fed with ractopamine supplementation, respectively (Table 3). Chapter 5 - The conversion of muscle to meat. Natl. These authors also observed that reproduction was the most frequent primary reason reported, and udder conformation and low milk production were the most common secondary reasons. Hodgson et al. Hilton et al. Res. Komaragiri and Erdman (1997) reported that by week 5 post-partum, cows mobilized 42 kg of body fat per unit of decrease in BCS. In: Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. 2017. COLUMBIA, Mo. Fertilizer: Some farmers use cull cows as a source of fertilizer. Culling dairy cows during early lactation may help explain the frequently undesirable BCS of cows sent to market. Therefore, the value of the cow is based on the combination of body weight, estimated dressing percentage, and expected lean meat yield and fat proportion from the carcass (Peel and Doye, 2012). Pinedo, P. J., Daniels A., Shumaker J., and De Vries A.. . The REA for dairy cows varies from 64.6 cm2 to 79.3 cm2 (Table 3). The cow would not let me get close enough to rescue the little bugger that was born last night. The industry shares similar knowledge and applications regarding transportation; however, there is no definition for fitness for transport nor regulation of this topic with regard to cattle transport in the United States (Edwards-Callaway et al., 2019). Management characteristics, lameness, and body injuries of dairy cattle housed in high-performance dairy herds in Wisconsin. 2019. Conf. above 2019's. That price was more than $15.00 per cwt. Insp. At harvest plants, bruising and injuries are the two major concerns regarding cull dairy cows. On the other hand, dairy cows in peak milk and mid-lactation groups had the lowest values for the respective parameters. According to FarmBench, dairy cows sold for slaugh-ter make up about 6.6% of total farm sales per year. !/?1dmy¤t=true&urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Ffsis-content%2Finternet%2Fmain%2Ftopics%2Fdata-collection-an, https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/production-and-inspection, https://u.osu.edu/beef/2017/11/01/dairy-cattle-impact-on-beef-supplies/, http://agrilifecdn.tamu.edu/beefinfo/files/2014/01/beef-marketing-cull-cows.pdf, https://www.extension.uidaho.edu/publishing/pdf/BUL/BUL897.pdf, https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/rmc/1991/guidelines-for-meat-color-evaluation.pdf?sfvrsn=1338bbb3_2, https://extension.psu.edu/examples-of-cows-at-various-body-condition-scores, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-25/meat-producers-turn-to-old-dairy-cows-for-better-beef-flavor, https://www.provisioneronline.com/articles/105844-without-traceability-us-beef-could-be-left-out-in-the-cold, https://academic.oup.com/jas/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jas/skaa401/6041865, https://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/dairy_code_of_practice.pdf, https://bqa.unl.edu/documents/2016NBQACow-BullAuditSummary.pdf, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11263828/, http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-8252/AGEC-613web.pdf, http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1745-4573.1991.tb00461.x, https://hereford.org/static/files/0212_CullCows.pdf, https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/dairy/downloads/dairy14/Dairy14_dr_PartIII.pdf, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-title49/pdf/USCODE-2011-title49-subtitleX-chap805-sec80502.pdf, https://www.texasmonthly.com/bbq/old-cows-texas-steaks-heartbrand/, http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/announcements/images/bse5sm.jpg, http://www.thebeefsite.com/articles/4333/cows-grow-old-with-good-taste/, https://www.ncba.org/cmdocs/beefusa/producered/beefcattleinformation/beef-from-market-cows.pdf, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Animal Health Monitoring Service. Effect of days on concentrate feed on sensory off-flavor score, off-flavor descriptor and fatty acid profiles for selected muscles from cull beef cows. OQuinn, T. G., Legako J. F., Brooks J. C., and Miller M. F.. . Old cows are the newest thing in Texas beef. USDA beef quality and yield gradesmeat science. (2007) had shear force values above the acceptable threshold desired by consumers according to Shackelford et al. Synovex-H for use with heifers contains 200 milligrams of testosterone and 20 milligrams of estradiol benzoate in a dosage. Health evaluation is the first and most important factor evaluated by the buyer during live cow assessment, as the health status of cull dairy cows is heterogeneous (Vogel et al., 2011). The perception of meat palatability is strongly associated with flavor which is a general term to define taste or aroma (Stelzleni and Johnson, 2008; Stelzleni and Johnson, 2010). Moreira, L. C., Rosa G. J. M., and Schaefer D.. . Garcia, J. 1982. Second, the buy/sell margin should be positive. The prices of milk, feed, and cull cows, in addition to availability and cost of replacement heifers, also influence the farmer decision of which cows should be culled (Bascom and Young, 1998). Fat partitioning in British Friesian cows: the influence of physiological state on dissected body composition. (2011) found similar values, but with no significant difference between feeding treatments. Animal handling is another major on-farm cow welfare concern. Assessment of cow maturity has an important role in determination of market value for beef production, as it affects carcass yield and meat quality (Aberle et al., 2001). Syst. Harris et al. Available from: Harris, M. K., Eastwood L. C., Boykin C. A., Arnold A. N., Gehring K. B., Hale D. S., Kerth C. R., Griffin D. B., Savell J. W., Belk K. E., . Once a dairy cow is no longer economically or biologically able to produce milk, dairy producers should recognize the value of the cow as a beef source and their role as beef producers. Available from: Faustman, C., and Suman S. P.. . Agric. (2018) reported in the National Beef Quality Audit that 76% of dairy cows had normal locomotion score, 18.2% exhibited minor stiffness or shortness of stride, and 5% had severe lameness. Carcass and meat characterization of Holstein-Friesian cull cows. Proper Nutrition: Ensuring that cull cows get proper nutrition can help improve their health and overall condition. Davis, C. G., and Lin B.. . Boetel, B. April 23, 2021. (2018) determined that 67% of dairy cows had an average BCS of 2.6. and were given the lowest muscle score. Hadley et al. 2009. Vestergaard et al. These are often utilized in the manufacturing of a range of items such as pet food or fertilizers. There have been efforts to develop a quantitative quality grading system for mature cow carcasses. The most recent NBQA (2016) showed that market cows and bulls traveled for an average of 6.7 h, and an average distance of 456 km (Harris et al. Most of the dairy cows are removed from the herd when they are around 3 to 5 yr old (USDA, 2018). 2017). (2018) found 72.7% of culled cows were scored as having an unacceptable gait, and thus were sold for a lower price at Ontario auction markets. Culling is an important component of overall herd management, and therefore it should be considered in the context of its connection with management practices, farm goals, cow health, economic parameters, and milk production (Monti et al., 1999). Available from: De Vries, A., Olson J. D., and Pinedo P. J.. . Additional consequences could be dehydration, worsened lameness, mortality for cattle with pre-existing conditions, and meat quality defects such as dark-cutting (Gonzlez et al., 2012b). 2007. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. 2018b. (2017) reported that 31% of cattle evaluated in holding pens at packing plants had at least one visible quality defect during the 2016 National Market Cow and Bull Beef Quality Audit, and cull dairy cows had the greatest incidence of defects, 37%. Staff photo Most producers with spring-calving cow herds are in the process of making decisions at this time of year about which cows to keep or cull. Improper animal handling is one of the causes for poor animal well-being and, more importantly, consumer distrust of the industry (Romero et al., 2013; Losada-Espinosa et al., 2018). Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) . (2017) reported that farm type, breed, calving to cull interval, and month of slaughter had a significant effect on DP, which the authors reported to be an average of 40.4% for Holstein cows. Even though dairy cows are harvested above 30 mo of age, their carcasses yield whole muscle cuts in addition to beef trimmings with desirably high lean content. Stephen Boyles OSU Extension Beef Specialist Approximately 10 to 20 percent of the returns to a cow-calf operation are from selling cull cows in the fall. Or will the practice, which many activists label . Transportation of farm animals, especially dairy cows, has drawn public and scientific attention recently due to its connection with welfare, food safety, biosecurity, and product traceability (Gonzlez et al., 2012a; Passafaro et al., 2019). Culling reasons reported by the Dairy Herd Information (DHI) program are feet and legs, dairy purposes, low production, reproduction, injury/other, mastitis, disease, udder problems, and death (DRMS, 2014). Most dairy producers market their cull cows immediately or within a few days after the culling decision has occurred. Often, cull dairy cows are marketed with lameness or leg problems which can drastically decrease the market value of the cow (Stojkov et al., 2020). Dairy cow herd inventory, slaughter under federal inspection, and culling rate from 2010 to 2018. Health status, age, visual defects, estimated body composition, body weight, and estimated dressing percent are the main factors determining the market value of live dairy cows (Gill, 1998; Smith, 2012; Moreira et al., 2020). Shemeis, A. R., Liboriussen T., Bech Andersen B., and Abdallah O. Y.. . The post-farm animal welfare concerns are unloading, handling, animal mixing, re-loading, and humananimal and animalfacility interactions (Losada-Espinosa et al., 2018). Introduction. On the other hand, although the number of beef cows harvested each year is similar to dairy cows harvested, the beef cow herd inventory is considerably larger (about 31 million cows), so that annual beef cow harvest represents only a 9.6% culling rate (ERS, 2019). The majority of dairy cows are older than 30 mo, thus these animals are harvested separately to facilitate segregation and disposal of inedible, specified risk materials (SRM; FSIS, 2020b). After the body weight and body composition evaluation, the buyer visually estimates the DP, which is defined as the carcass weight divided by the live weight and expressed as a percentage. Auctions can be a good way to ensure a fair market price for cull cows, though prices can vary depending on the day and the demand. There are a few best practices that farmers and producers can follow to ensure that cull cows are managed, handled, and sold properly. Here are some common uses for cull cows: 1997. (2007) reported that meat flavor was improved with duration of finishing time. There was a trend for a larger percentage of large dairy operations to sell cows directly to slaughter plants (USDA, 2018). Serv. 2019a. 2006. Discussion of cull dairy cow welfare can be divided into on-farm and post-farm sections. Hot topic: management of cull dairy cowsConsensus of an expert consultation in Canada. 1998. 2003. In addition, dairy cows sent to harvest represent a highly variable harvest animal category and, consequently, a large amount of variability is often observed in the carcass characteristics of these animals (Vestergaard et al., 2007). 2. A traceability program for the U.S. beef production system would offer transparency and connectedness with interested parties internal and external to the beef supply chain, including the dairy industry and its cull cows. Therefore, improvement of the grading system could maximize carcass utilization and increase cow carcass value by recognizing subprimal cuts that could be merchandised as whole muscle cuts. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Vogel et al. In a study conducted at South Dakota State University, cull cows were fed a high energy ration of 76 percent corn, 15 percent corn silage and 9 percent protein supplement. The authors reported that the Select steers had the lowest incidence of off-flavors (5.5), followed by non-fed dairy cows (5.3), fed dairy and beef cows (5.2), and non-fed beef cows (4.8). 2017. Breaking cows are of Commercial, Utility, Cutter what Wall calls "fatter cows" and Canner. This may include providing humane care for the animals and finding ways to repurpose their meat and other parts to minimize waste. In 2018, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) announced guidelines and goals for the Animal Disease Traceability (ADT) program to start in 2019, including the use of individual electronic tags, which would be mandatory by 2023. Smith, T. 2012. A., and Heuwieser W.. . Meat quality data for beef from cull dairy cows is sparsely available in the literature. Bazzoli, I., De Marchi M., Cecchinato A., Berry D. P., and Bittante G.. . However, variability in cull cow prices and feed costs may provide an opportunity to consider other options. Lowe, B. K., McKeith R. O., Segers J. R., Safko J. Dairy cows comprise a heterogenous group of animals and consequently there is a large variability in their meat quality characteristics when compared with finished steers and heifers (Woerner, 2010). The price offered for cull cows is also influenced by the meat business niche of each harvest plant and its internally generated carcass grading system. Tissue mobilization that occurs during lactation relies primarily on fat depots and secondarily on lean tissue. (2020) described fitness for transport for dairy cows as follows: poor fitness for transport (score 1) if they had one or more of the following conditions, BCS 2, locomotion score 4, udder condition 2 (1 normal milked (loose) udder to 3 for swollen/inflamed udder), or had one or more quality defects; all others scored as 0 being classified as good fitness for transport. Texas A&M AgriLife Ext. For 35% of all cow 2013. (2018a) evaluated the clinical condition of cull dairy cows before transport and reported that 16% of the cows had BCS lower than 2.75, 31% of the cows were considered lame (locomotion scores of 3 and 4) and wounds were found in 22% of the animals but classified as superficial. In the same sense, light weight dairy cows (usually high in lean and low in fat) can be more valuable, but their carcasses are economically inefficient to process because of lower lean:bone ratio compared with a heavier carcass. Therefore, it is important to incorporate the information of population context into culling analysis at the individual herd level to understand the interaction between variables at different levels (Haine et al., 2017). 4. Thus, the carcass weight and meat quality originating from dairy cows is expected to be highly variable (Shemeis et al., 1994b). Dairy cows are culled voluntarily or involuntarily due to health problems, which can be aggravated at the farm of origin, during transport, or while in the marketing system (Stojkov et al., 2018). 2020. Available from: AMS . Serv. Thus, carcass and non-carcass components (offal) reported as Detectedviolative is the basis for condemnation by FSIS. According to the policies and guidelines of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA, 2013) and National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC, 2009), Stojkov et al. 2019. These cows usually would fall in the body condition score grades of 5 to 7. As shown in Figure 2, nearly 10% of carcasses from 222 Holstein dairy cows that passed through a harvest plant in Wisconsin qualified for the USDA Choice quality grade (Moreira et al., 2021). This evaluation is done in two steps as follows: first, assessment of the risk that the cow will pass USDA inspection to enter the food system, and second, assessment of the physical ability of the cow to endure transportation to and handling at the packing plant. This rate of tissue mobilization may vary depending on factors such as milk yield, age, parity, diet, and hormones (Komaragiri and Erdman, 1997). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the welfare . Although various traceability technologies are available, the adoption of traceability in the United States still faces extreme opposition. 3. In fact, demographic characteristics, attitudes, education, degree of involvement in dairy groups, economic factors, or biological variables can change the farmers culling criteria and decision making (Beaudeau et al., 1996). Cook et al. The Hunter color solid coordinates (Hunt et al., 1991) are used to quantify meat color based on the CIE coordinates represented as lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*). Main topics include culling, marketing procedures and cow categories, transportation, body composition and its association with lactation particularities, carcass characteristics, meat quality, welfare and traceability. 2. Carcass weight of dairy cows ranged from 248 kg to 407 kg (Table 3). (2007) found shear force values of 5.9 kgf, 5.7 kgf, and 5.1 kgf for 0, 2, and 4 mo of pre-harvest feeding, respectively. Auctions: One common method for selling cull cows is to send them to a livestock auction. Above all, choosing when to cull the dairy cow has extremely important cow welfare and revenue implications (Ahola et al., 2011a; Langford and Stott, 2012). Souza-Monteiro, D. M., and Caswell J. Although dairy cows are sampled at much higher rates than any other cattle category, there has been considerable improvement made over the years (FSIS, 2020a). Dairy Herd Manag.15. Cull cows are removed from farms with poor health, production, behavior, or other problems, and during pre-slaughter they are sometimes kept without food and water, which compromises their well-being. The benchmark for acceptable shear force (a common measurement of meat tenderness) for beef longissimus muscle is 4.6 kgf (Shackelford et al., 1991). In addition, training for handling of non-ambulatory animals was provided by only 33% of the operations (USDA, 2018). The appearance of meat can be influenced by a variety of factors and strongly impact consumer decisions at the time of purchase, but the ultimate assessment of meat quality by consumers occurs during consumption (Joo et al., 2013). In a broader study, Harris et al. Narrative. and hay prices were $120 per ton. There is little information in the literature on carcass composition of dairy cows destined for beef production, especially on factors drastically influencing carcass yield (e.g., age, parity, stage of lactation, and health status) of animals transitioning from milk production to beef production. Mitchell, R. 2018. Stelzleni et al. 1991. Dairy cows that were non-pregnant and dry had the highest weights of empty body, total lean, and total fat. (2010) found that 43% of herds evaluated did not use all disposal codes, which requires caution when comparing the frequency of reasons between farms. Tammy Slater is a pet blogger with a Bachelor's degree in Animal Science and extensive experience as a veterinary technician. Dairy cows with BCS below 2 are considered too thin, which can result in a higher incidence of injuries leading to carcass trimmed weight loss and possibly a non-ambulatory state or death (Ahola et al., 2011a; Harris et al., 2017). et al. Rogers, C. A., Fitzgerald A. C., Carr M. A., Covey B. R., Thomas J. D., and Looper M. L.. . Associations between the general condition of culled dairy cows and selling price at Ontario auction markets. Because they are no longer productive or profitable, cull cows generally have lower market value than cows that are still actively breeding or producing milk. This grade is like the grading criteria for steers and heifers. Cow culling criteria News News | Nov 17, 2015 Ken Olson for Tri-State Livestock News Ken Olson says now is the time to decide which cows to cull from your herd. Mark Corrigan. Because cull cows are often used in ground beef and processed meats, they are an affordable and accessible option for many families. 2017). United States standards for grades of carcass beef. 2019. This includes ensuring that the cow is healthy and free of disease before slaughter, as well as following best practices for meat processing and storage. In contrast, Pinedo et al. Effect of grass silage and concentrate based finishing strategies on cull dairy cow performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Passafaro, T. L., Van de Stroet D., Bello N. M., Williams N. H., and Rosa G. J. M.. . Los Angeles Times. 1. Then, they are categorized based on expected lean meat yield. According to the Twenty-Eight Hour Law, animals may not be confined in a vehicle or vessel for more than 28 consecutive hours without unloading the animals for feeding, water, and rest (USDA, 2021). (1998) created two alternative systems for quality grading carcasses of mature slaughter cows, one based on maturity and marbling, and another based on maturity, marbling and fat color. The dairy cow is removed from the herd once she is not economically or biologically able to produce milk, which means that the cow can be culled at any stage of lactation. Pre-slaughter cattle welfare indicators for use in commercial abattoirs with voluntary monitoring systems: A systematic review. Health and management practices on U.S. dairy operations, 2014. Transport to slaughter is part of the dairy cow production cycle . 2014. Therefore, research aiming to study carcass utilization of cull dairy cows is crucial for improvement of standards and grading systems to reflect the industry marketing needs and the consumer palatability expectations. (2009) found yield grade value of 2.6 for non-fed dairy cows and 3.0 for dairy cows fed for 90 d. In contrast, Patten et al. This can be a positive for consumers who are looking for a unique taste experience. The age of dairy cows is evaluated, especially, when the individual cow displays good fat cover and sufficient youthfulness to be a candidate for higher-quality carcass grades, such as Select or Choice. 2008. Gonzlez, L. A., Schwartzkopf-Genswein K. S., Bryan M., Silasi R., and Brown F.. . However, the little research that has been conducted on meat quality of cull dairy cows aimed to eliminate this flavor, changing it to a milder beef flavor, and to modify the fat color from yellow to white. Tough culling decisions come with drought, forage shortages. B., Cross H. R., and Savell J. W.. . Jones, C. M., and Heinrichs J.. . Notably, these data demonstrate the improvement made over the years to decrease drug residue violation in dairy cows (FSIS, 2020a).

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