economic impact of obesity in the united states

This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2006. Prevalence and trends in US obesity among adults, 19992008. Other categories of productivity costs that have been analyzed thus far include: premature mortality and loss of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs); higher rates of disability benefit payments; and welfare loss in the health insurance market. To do this, the authors measure the change in the highest grade completed by an individual between ages t-1 and t. The study includes respondents aged 14 to 17, and models the effects of obesity on grade progression separately for each age, using three different models. Jacobson and McLay40 provide a similar annual estimate of the fuel-use impact of obesity in the US. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors. They estimate that reduction of average weight by 5 kg across the OECD could reduce CO2 emissions from the transportation sector by approximately 10 million T annually. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] 19. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. $3.38$6.38 billion or $79$132 per obese person; National annual costs of presenteeism from obesity, Relative productivity loss due to obesity, Relative risk ratio of receiving disability income support, National annual indirect costs of obesity, Annual excess jet fuel use attributable to obesity, Annual excess fuel use by noncommercial passenger highway vehicles attributable to obesity, Additional fuel required in noncommerical passenger highway sector PER LB of avg passenger weight increase. For men in the NLSY, being obese raises the probability of receiving disability income by 6.92 percentage points, which is equivalent to losing 15.9 years of education. Gorsky R, Pamuk E, Williamson D, Shaffer P, Koplan J. The .gov means its official. Results suggest that currently existing levels of adolescent overweight will result in close to $45 billion in direct medical costs over this period, affecting young as well as middle-aged adults. 2010;303(3):235241. Chapter 11. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. The first model measures the overall correlation, the second controls for a list of covariates including family structure and educational attainment, respondent health, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and region, and the third model instruments weight at age t-1 with weight in the previous year. Serxner SA, Gold DB, Bultman KK. Jacobson SH, McLay LA. Hammond RA, Levine R. The economic impact of obesity in the United States. Roughly one in three adults and one in five children in the United States are obese, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2010; 3:285-295. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S7384. An official website of the United States government. With these facts top of mind, Walsh early on decided to devote her career to developing new environmental policies, adjusting . Lancet. -, Hammond RA. By 2002, The outcome variables used also vary in definition across studies. In this article, we provide an overview of the state of research on the likely At a prevailing price of $0.79/gal, they calculate the extra airline fuel cost due to higher obesity to be approximately $275 million in the year 2000 alone. 1 Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as excess adiposity that may impair health, and is estimated by a body mass index (BMI) of more than or equal to 30.0 kg . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted nearly 500 million people were overweight worldwide. Allison DB, Zannolli R, Narayan KM. PLoS ONE 16(3): e0247307. Thus, even after controlling for a list of covariates and endogeneity of weight, the authors find a significant and large effect of obesity on receipt of disability insurance. The research on the economic impact of obesity reviewed above covers a broad range of potential costs. Accessibility ( 3) They may also work at less than full capacity (also known as presenteeism ). Obesity in adults is generally defined as a BMI of 30.0 or greater, with BMI of 25.029.9 categorized as overweight.4. 9 Annual nationwide productivity costs of obesity-related absenteeism range between $3.38 billion ($79 per individual with obesity) and $6.38 billion ($132 per individual with obesity). Obese white females had a 0.182 point lower GPA on average relative to their nonobese counterparts. Geier AB, Foster GD, Womble LG, et al. Obesity could also contribute to productivity loss if obese individuals are less productive while present at the workplace. The estimates of direct costs reviewed here may generally be conservative they often rely on self-reported data (which tend to show a downward bias in BMI), and focus on a set of obesity-related diseases more narrow than the full set identified in the medical literature. At the beginning of the study period in 1987, per capita health care spending was estimated to be 15.2% higher for the obese than for healthy-weight individuals. Reduced consumption of energy-rich foods to 1990s levels is estimated to lead to savings of approximately 102 million T. No economic cost estimate is assigned to greenhouse gas emissions due to obesity. Figure 1. Fifteen- year-old males in the 90th percentile or above for BMI are 3.3 percentage points more likely to drop out in the following year than their counterparts in the second and third BMI quartiles; 16-year old females in the 90th percentile or above are 12 percentage points less likely to complete a higher grade in the IV model. Associated with incidence of obesity-related diseases are direct medical costs for diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Statistically significant effects for asthma and arthritis were also found. A number of recent papers assess these impacts. doi: 10.31478/202209a. Will all Americans become overweight or obese? review adds to the current research on the economic impact of obesity by providing 2020 Jun;13(6):e006313. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5.24 million UK adults. The authors measure QALYs with a quality of well-being (QWB) scale that rates symptoms and functionality. Rather than giving an exhaustive review of absenteeism studies, we summarize here key findings and methodological differences across several recent papers that have addressed the relationship between obesity and absenteeism and the associated costs. Epub 2020 Sep 12. Wolf AM. Using US Dept of Transportation figures for the fuel needed to transport a given weight of cargo by air, and data on the number of passenger-miles flown, they calculate that weight gain during the 1990s required approximately 350 million extra gal of jet fuel in the year 2000. -, Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Colditz GA, Bird AP, Oster G. Lifetime health and economic consequences of obesity. Several studies have found a connection between obesity and mortality. Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Colditz GA, Bird AP, Oster G. Lifetime health and economic consequences of obesity. Respondents were between 35 and 64 years old, had self-reported BMIs greater than 20, were nonsmokers, and had no history of heart disease. We can still do something. Clyburn C, Carson KE, Smith CR, Travagli RA, Browning KN. Effects of weight on adolescent educational attainment. Value of lost work. This review adds to the current research on the economic impact of obesity by providing a more comprehensive overview of the range of effects, as well as a summary of the most up-to-date estimates. The indirect effects of food insecurity on obesogenic environments. The incidence of the healthcare costs of obesity. Gorsky et al9 construct three hypothetical cohorts of 10,000 women each one cohort with healthy weight, one overweight, and one obese. RESULTS: Adults with obesity in the United States compared with those with normal weight experienced higher annual medical care costs by $2,505 or 100%, with costs increasing significantly with class of obesity, from 68.4% for class 1 to 233.6% for class 3. 3rd edition. Dall et al argue that the costs of diabetes are borne by all Americans, not only those with diabetes, and amount to a per-person cost of around $700 a year. Joint problems such as osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal discomfort. PMID: 9545015 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00322.x Abstract This study was undertaken to update and revise the estimate of the economic impact of obesity in the United States. Trogdon JG, Finkelstein EA, Hylands T, Dellea PS, Kamal-Bahl Indirect costs of obesity: a review of the current literature. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C. Years of life lost due to obesity. Economic Studies Program, Brookings Institution, Washington DC, USA, Correspondence: Ross A Hammond, Brookings Institution, 1775 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington DC 20036, USA, Tel +1 202 797 6000, Email. Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study., Luppino, Floriana S., et al. Research to date has identified at least four major categories of economic impact linked with the obesity epidemic: direct medical costs, productivity costs, transportation costs, and human. Results show that the obese cohort would incur excess costs of $53 million (with 3% annual discounting) over the 25 years, and the overweight cohort would incur excess costs of $22 million. Diabetes More than 37 million Americans have diabetes, and another 96 million adults in the United States have a condition called prediabetes, which puts them at risk for type 2 diabetes. 2011 Oct;18(5):328-31. doi: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283471c74. Results show significantly higher accumulated costs for the obese and overweight than for the healthy-weight group. Prevalence and Predictors of Combined Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Among Indian Adults. The overall economic impact of obesity in the US appears to be substantial. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. However, direct comparison of results across studies is difficult due to such factors as the date of measurement, representativeness of the sample, and scope of measurement. Beck AR. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. 1999;159(18):21772183. The 2017 AAP . Wolf14 and Pronk et al15 studied health care costs among a stratified random sample (n = 5,689) drawn from members of a managed care organization in Minnesota aged 40 and older. On today's episode. Lost some, save some: obesity, automobile demand, and gasoline consumption in the United States. The only statistically significant presenteeism relationship found with obesity was on inter-personal relationships. Over the past several decades, obesity has grown into a major global epidemic. Women who had been obese in the baseline survey had significantly fewer years of school completed (0.3 year on average). At current US prevailing prices,39 this represents a cost of $2.7 billion a year. They begin each cohort at age 40 years and extrapolate into the future through age 65 years, conducting incidence-based analysis of the excess costs associated with remaining overweight or obese over this time period. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The literature in this area includes analyses of the aggregate productivity loss due to obesity, as well as estimates for several distinct sub-categories of productivity costs. A subset of the authors discussing absenteeism translates their results on the correlation between obesity and absenteeism into dollar amounts representing the cost of the estimated productivity loss. Keywords. Health Equity Data The study is based on data from the National Health Interview Survey, and BLS and other data representing expenditures of all private-sector US firms. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Numerous studies estimate these costs, using a variety of methodologies including: cohort studies, case studies, dynamic models, nationwide representative surveys, regression analyses, and simulation forecasting. The magnitude of potential economic impact underscores the importance of the obesity epidemic as a focus for policy and a topic for future research. Obesity increases lifetime medical care costs for these diseases by 50% above baseline, and severe obesity can almost double them. Low self-esteem and lower self-reported quality of life. Allison et al18 examine whether any of the direct medical costs of obesity estimated in previous studies might be offset by increased (early) mortality associated with obesity. The magnitude of potential economic impact underscores the importance of the obesity epidemic as a focus for policy and a topic for future research. The determinants of this epidemic are likely complex,. Although more comprehensive analysis of costs is needed, substantial economic impacts of obesity are identified in all four categories by existing research. In this article, we provide an overview of the state of research on the likely economic impact of the US obesity epidemic at the national level. Of that, $2.4 billion was spent on paid sick leave, $1.8 billion on life insurance, and $0.8 billion on disability insurance. . By 2002, Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank; 2017 Nov 3. By 2001, this gap had grown to 37%. Will Democratic focus on abortion policy help reverse decrease in Democratic vote share among Latinas over time? Bookshelf If, however, 2010 obesity rates were to stay constant, savings in terms of cost-avoidance would approach $550 billion by 2030. most up-to-date estimates. Although more comprehensive analysis of costs is needed, substantial economic impacts of obesity are identified in all four categories by existing research. Regression analysis based on nationally representative surveys is another widely-used approach in the literature on health care costs associated with obesity. http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/Papers/pdf/wp089.pdf, http://www.randproject.org/pubs/working_papers/2006/RAND_WR340.pdf, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/wrgp/mogas_home_page.html, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1425773, Relative medical costs for overweight (vs normal weight), Relative medical costs for obese (vs Normal weight), US-wide annual cost of excess medical spending attributable to overweight/obesity, Relative risk ratio of having high-absenteeism, National costs of annual absenteeism from obesity. Sabia JJ. In the United States (US), rates of obesity have doubled since 1970 to over 30%, with more than two-thirds of Americans now overweight.1 The determinants of this epidemic are likely complex,2,3 with substantial heterogeneity at the individual level in both causes and consequences that is beyond the scope of the current review. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Demographic data on age, race, and sex are included, in addition to the fraction of a school body on free or reduced school lunch. The authors determine the distribution of individuals across BMI categories, as well as life expectancy at each age between 18 and 85 years in each BMI category, and calculate years of life lost (YLL) in each category relative to a reference BMI of 24 (the high end of the normal-weight range). substantial economic impacts of obesity are identified in all four categories by existing research. However, alternative specifications do not have large effects on the major results. The authors attribute the majority of this increase to higher prevalence of overweight. Alternatively, a common outside factor may make individuals more likely to both be obese and relatively less productive.

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