echinochloa esculenta

59, 195201. In another study, to enable efficient use of genetic resources and to increase its access for breeders, barnyard millet core collection comprising of 89 accessions had also been established based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization (Upadhyaya et al., 2014). Over the past decades, efforts made to study the features of barnyard millet are limited compared to other minor millets. Electron. (2018). Malays. Sci. (2016). Ishikawa et al. Cluster analyses for qualitative and quantitative traits in barnyard millet Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.Link) germplasm. Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), meadows and fields, Occurs in wetlands or non-wetlands. "Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. 11:500. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00500. All images and text doi: 10.1007/BF02908141. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.012, Gao, Y., Li, J., Pan, X., Liu, D., Napier, R., and Dong, L. (2018). Lower lemma equal to spikelet, shortly acuminate or shortly cuspidate, 7-nerved. For instance, utilizing five SSR markers, 155 accessions of Echinochloa species including E. esculenta (49), E. crus-galli (94), and E. esculenta var. Plant Breed. B. (1999). 5, 354360. Native Plant Trust or respective copyright holders. The third, E. colona-frumentacea complex, consists of one wild species, E. colona, and one major cultivated species, E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet). Millets. Food Chem. Barnyard millet (Echinochloa species) has become one of the most important minor millet crops in Asia, showing a firm upsurge in world production. (2009). Nat. Int. Leaves flat, glabrous, elongate, 3050cm long, 12cm broad, scabrous, slightly thickened at margin; ligules absent; sheaths smooth, lower ones often reddish; panicle 830cm long, green or purple, exerted, somewhat nodding, densely branched, the branches to 5cm long, erect or ascending sessile; Spikelets 34mm long, densely arranged on branches, ovoid, often long-awned, pale green to dull purple, short-bristly along veins; racemes spreading, ascending or appressed, the lower somewhat distant, as much as 10cm long, sometimes branched; glumes and lower lemma minutely hairy on surface with longer more rigid hairs on veins; first glume about two-fifths as long as spikelet, deltoid, the second as long as the spikelet, short-awned; sterile lemma membranous, with a straight scabrous awn, 24cm long or awnless; fertile lemma ovate-elliptic, acute, pale yellow, lustrous, smooth, 33.5mm long. J. Curr. PLoS One 9:e99182. Res. Cytogenetic data suggest that Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely related to E. crus-galli (Yabuno 1984). Acad. Assessment of genetic variability and identification of genotypes for different traits in Barnyard millet (Echinochola spp.). Whole genome sequence (WGS) is fundamental to understand the genome composition and gene repertoire of a crop. Moreover, being a polyploid, ratooning (or) multi-cutting practices have to be standardized, like in sorghum, for better utilization of the growing season for grain and green fodder production. Ethno medical properties of Echinochloa colona and Hydrolea zeylanica: a review. Genet. J. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta), formerly known as E. utilis, is an annual, warm-season grass native to eastern Asia.It is grown primarily as forage and cultivated mostly in the temperate regions of Japan, Korea, China, Russia, and Germany (De Wet et al. The denominations "Japanese" and "Indian" are sometimes associated to each species respectively due . doi: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.275, Gupta, S., Kumari, K., Muthamilarasan, M., Alagesan, S., and Prasad, M. (2013). Gledhill, David (2008). Comparative performance of Indian and Japanese barnyard millet cultivars under varied fertility conditions for dual use in Indian Central Himalaya. praticola, E. crus-galli var. Int. However, extensive efforts are needed in the future to develop the reference genome, genome-wide SSR and SNP markers, construction of genetic linkage maps, and physical maps. Discovering new biology through RNA-Seq. Esculenta Japanese Millet. [4], Echinochloa is derived from Greek and means 'hedgehog-grass'. 12, 78357845. It is cultivated for its seeds for food and its stems and leaves for animal feed, but is disliked by rice farmers as a weed in the rice paddies that negatively affects the rice . Echinochloa crus-galli Assessment of yield losses due to grain smut in barnyard millet. Evaluation of genetic diversity of proso millet germplasm available in the United States using simple-sequence repeat markers. Figure 1. With regard to cereals, the maximum number of germplasms were registered in paddy and wheat mainly for biotic stress related traits (Radhamani et al., 2011). 146, 2532. (2009), where seven primer pairs produced 156 polymorphic bands with an average of 22.3 alleles per primer in 80 genotypes. The inflorescence is a terminal panicle with varying shapes (cylindrical, pyramidal, and globose to elliptic), colors (green, light purple, and dark purple) and compactness (compact, intermediate, and open) (Gupta et al., 2009; Prakash and Vanniarajan, 2013; Sood et al., 2014; Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019) (Figure 4). Beauv.]. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Kannan, S. M., Thooyavathy, R. A., Kariyapa, R. T., Subramanian, K., and Vijayalakshmi, K. (2013). Table 1. Between-species differences in gene copy number are enriched among functions critical for adaptive evolution in Arabidopsis halleri. Further, through molecular analysis, Aoki and Yamaguchi (2008) reported that, though all these three groups exhibit different cytoplasmic lineages, the nuclear lineage between E. oryzicola complex and E. crus-galli complex have a higher affinity than E. colona-frumentacea complexes proving Yabunos hypothesis that E. oryzicola is the probable paternal parent of E. crus-galli (Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2008). Barnyard millet: present status and future thrust areas. A high-density genetic map and QTL analysis of agronomic traits in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Resour. The cultivated barnyard millet is an annual, robust, and tall crop that grows up to a height of 220 cm (Denton, 1987; Padulosi et al., 2009). VT. Cultivated fields, areas of habitation, ditches, disturbed soil. doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1022, Kim, J. Y., Chang, J. K., Park, B.-R., Han, S.-I., Choi, K.-J., Kim, S.-Y., et al. J. Bot. Range Manag. SAT Agric. spp. Echinochloa esculenta: Southeast Asia: Browntop millet: Urochloa ramosa: Southeast Asia: Finger millet: Eleusine corocana: East central Africa: Although the scientific name and the most common U.S. name is provided above, most of these crops are known by multiple common names, which will be provided in the sections later in this publication on . Bot. NSW subdivisions: *NC, *CC, *NT, *CT, *ST, *NWS, *CWS, *SWS, *NWP, *SWP This study yields sequencing reads of 4132 contigs, of which 4710 are annotated to be putative SSRs and 49,179 are probable SNPs. 33:197. doi: 10.1007/s11274-017-2364-9, Osuna, M., Okada, M., Ahmad, R., Fischer, A., and Jasieniuk, M. (2011). The Plant List with literature. Seed fortification studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) cv. Recently, transcriptome sequences developed from cultivated E. frumentacea variety CO (Kv) 2, yielded 97,065 transcripts with an average length of 94 Mbp (Murukarthick et al., 2019). It is also fruitful to use the E. crus-galli genome as a reference genome for cultivated barnyard millet species similar to the case in bread wheat. to exist in the county by Development and genetic mapping of SSR markers in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. [11] Insect pests include Atherigona falcata, the barnyard millet shoot fly. Singh, H. S., and Singh, K. (2005). In-silico mining, type and frequency analysis of genic microsatellites of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. Agric. Arya, L., Chauhan, D., Yadav, Y., and Verma, M. (2014). During this period, Indian barnyard millet accessions were also introduced in the United States, Canada, and Australia for feed and forage purposes (Gomashe, 2017). You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Commun. is one of the oldest domesticated millets in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Later, the cultivated species (E. frumentacea) diverged from E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli in and around 1.92.7 Mya (Perumal et al., 2016) (Figure 5). 53, 314321. Sci. to exist in the state, but not documented to a county within 118, 821829. Evol. However, some uniquely expressing proteins were also identified in the Echinochloa species. Genetic Diversity and spread of thiobencarb resistant early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides) in California. E . Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. Exp. (Yang et al., 2013). J. Biol. Indian J. Genet. Starch granules are simple and are spherical to polygonal shapes with a diameter of 1.210 m, which is larger than other small millets (Kumari and Thayumanavan, 1998). Biosystematic study of the genus Echinochloa. Major organizations across the globe conserving the Echinochloa species (till December 2019). Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. In addition, a lower phytate (3.303.70 mg/100 g) content in grains (Panwar et al., 2016) followed by the dehulling process has also decreased phytic acids significantly, favoring the bioavailability of minerals. 54, 10861093. Vanniarajan, C., Anand, G., Kanchana, S., Arun Giridhari, V., and Renganathan, V. G. (2018). A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biol. Can. Summary statistics of chloroplast genomes for wild and cultivated barnyard millet. 22 November 2019 Echinochloa esculenta Author: CABI Authors Info & Affiliations Publication: CABI Compendium https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.113987 Datasheet Type: Invasive species Abstract This datasheet on Echinochloa esculenta covers Identity, Distribution, Biology & Ecology, Further Information. Symbol Scientific Name; ECUT: Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yab. Extensive transcriptomics and annotation studies previously performed on herbicide resistant varieties of E. crus-galli resulted in 74 ESTs (Li et al., 2013b; Yang et al., 2013). Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno Genes Genomics 35, 609615. (2010). (2006) obtained 75 polymorphic bands using 13 primer pairs with an average of 5.8 alleles per primer. Plant Breed. Indian J. Beauv.) The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Jaybhaye, R. V., and Srivastav, P. P. (2015). Beauv. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.9790/2380-0542224, Sun, J., Luu, N. S., Chen, Z., Chen, B., Cui, X., Wu, J., et al. 300, 111. Basionym and/or Replacement Name: Panicum esculentum A. Braun, Index Sem. Food security and climate change: role of plant genetic resources of minor millets. Moreover, these published two reports contain preliminary results only; further experimental investigation is required to apply for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Chandel, G., Meena, R., Dubey, M., and Kumar, M. (2014). Yabuno, T. (2001). Eventually, using the available literature in the published reports, we concluded that EST-derived SSR markers had higher cross-genome amplification than genomic SSR markers, indicating higher conservation of the former than the latter across the species of the grass family. Transcriptomic analysis, genic ssr development, and genetic diversity of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum;Poaceae). Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the sub mountain Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis. (2017). (2006). Development and utilization of novel SSRs in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Prior to pollination (early morning), the panicles which started flowering were selected for emasculation (Renganathan et al., 2015; Sood et al., 2015). (2017). Anthesis and pollination progress in the direction from top to bottom of the inflorescence in the early morning (5 am) and reaches a maximum during 6 am -7 am, while it closes at 10 am (Sundararaj and Thulasidas, 1976; Jayaraman et al., 1997). Description General : Japanese millet ( Echinochloa esculenta ) is an introduced, annual, warm-season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wildlife habitat in the United States. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4574, Varshney, R. K., Hoisington, D. A., and Tyagi, A. K. (2006). J. Leaves with ligule absent; blade 5-25 mm wide. 85, 311317. Acad. Description General: Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta) is an introduced, annual, warm-season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wildlife habitat in the United States. J. Agric. Besides, this variety also possesses a higher amount of iron content (16 mg/100 g) in the grains with good milling and cooking quality. 44, 205217. Originated in eastern Asia. PLoS One 12:e0183261. 286, 2514525153. Weed Sci. Echinochloa chloroplast genomes: insights into the evolution and taxonomic identification of two weedy species. 18:101e105. Development and characterization of twenty-five new polymorphic microsatellite markers in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). 19, 277323. DNA Res. Similarly, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids present in barnyard millet have various ethno-medical properties like being antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, having a wound healing capacity, biliousness, and alleviating constipation-associated diseases (Kim et al., 2011; Ajaib et al., 2013; Moreno Amador et al., 2014; Borkar et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2016; Sayani and Chatterjee, 2017). Padulosi, S., Bhag, M. C., Bala, R. S., Gowda, J. V., Gowda, K. T. K., Shanthakumar, G. C., et al. Nat. These resources will be useful to track the genomic regions associated with targeted traits by the linkage-based QTL mapping, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and genomic selection (GS), as well as for the detection of candidate genes. 63, 755760. Research on Nanoparticle by Kumar et al. India B Biol. The divergence in copy number of any gene further creates the genetic polymorphism between the species, which contributes a major variation in their genome size and phenotype (Suryawanshi et al., 2016). This Panicoideae article is a stub. Mehta, H., Tyagi, P. C., and Mohapatra, K. P. (2005). Kumar, L. D., Siva Sankar, S., Venkatesh, P., and Hepcy Kalarani, D. (2016). Bloom Period Photos on Calflora. Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable in Java. Comparative genomics studies brought considerable benefit to barnyard millet crop. Basic information EPPO Code: ECHUT Preferred name: Echinochloa esculenta Authority: (Braun) Scholz Notes Japan. "The Names of Plants". IOSR J. Agric. Agrl. At the same time, a change in consumer preference toward small millets with simultaneous development of suitable food products, along with an increase in market price, would fetch better returns for farmers and healthier choices for consumers. doi: 10.1007/s11032-014-0115-2, Babu, B. K., Dinesh, P., Agrawal, P. K., Sood, S., Chandrashekara, C., Bhatt, J. C., et al. doi: 10.1002/ps.3572, Jagadish, P. S., Mohapatra, H. K., Chakravarthy, M. K., Srivastava, N., and Nangia, N. (2008). G3 3, 283L295L. J. Chem. Sometimes it is fermented to make beer. Figure 6. It helps not only to understand the genome composition of cultivated barnyard millet species and increases mapping accuracy, but also helps us to know the effect of variants on protein function. (2017). doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2012.01983.x, Lee, J., Kim, C.-S., and Lee, I.-Y. Observation Search (11 records) Plant Characteristics. doi: 10.1007/BF00939730, Hittalmani, S., Mahesh, H. B., Shirke, M. D., Biradar, H., Uday, G., Aruna, Y. R., et al. Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacae) in type II diabetics. 80, 7386. This is mainly due to the complex nature of the genome (2n = 6x = 54, hexaploid). Utilis and intermedia are two races of E. crus-galli, widely cultivated in Japan, Korea, China, Russia, and Germany (De Wet et al., 1983; Yabuno, 1987; Upadhyaya et al., 2014). ), which occurs in the wild and as cultivated forms. J. of Food Sci. Genetic resources and varietal improvement of small millets for Indian Himalaya, in Biodiversity Potentials of the Himalaya, eds L. M. Tewari, Y. P. S. Pangtey, and G. Tewari, (Gorakhpur: Gyanodaya Prakashan press), 305316. formosensis (12) were grouped into three separate clusters (Nozawa et al., 2006). 36:37. doi: 10.1007/s11032-016-0460-4, Ramakrishnan, M., Antony Ceasar, S., Duraipandiyan, V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., and Ignacimuthu, S. (2016). Weed Sci. (2010). E. common barnyard grass. Commun. Molecular basis of the waxy endosperm starch phenotype in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). (2014). Theor. 16, 361368. Food Chem. Data from: Seed Production Techniques for Cereals and Millets. Recent advances in second and third-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated simple and cost-effective sequencing platforms to generate genome and transcriptome sequences. Heuz V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lebas F., 2017. To date, two mapping studies only have been published on barnyard millet (Table 5). Similarly, E. crus-galli also exhibited synteny with rice for momilactones, a phytoalexin compound expressed to protect against blast pathogens (Guo et al., 2017). Among millets, the whole genome sequencing was completed in sorghum, pearl millet, foxtail millet, finger millet, and proso millet by various researchers (Zhang et al., 2012; Mace et al., 2013; Hittalmani et al., 2017; Varshney et al., 2017; Zou et al., 2019). Table 3. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. On the other hand, registration of trait-specific germplasms in the National Gene Banks (NGB) not only protects the natural resources from Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) but also facilitates the breeders to access important/valuable genotypes for any crop improvement programs. Among these, the notable variety PRJ 1, a direct selection from exotic collections of ICRISAT was released during 2003, by Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, possess a higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) with resistance against various smuts (Upadhyaya et al., 2008). doi: 10.1626/pps.8.454, Zhang, G., Liu, X., Quan, Z., Cheng, S., Xu, X., Pan, S., et al. Mol. Sridhar, R., and Lakshminarayana, G. (1992). Another cultivated allohexaploid species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz; syn. Genet. Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S., and Singh, G. (2015). [3][4][5] Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass.[6][7]. Conserv. state. Acad. Sci. Development of barnyard millet based traditional foods. The plant extract is used in diseases of the spleen. 5, 248253. B 29: an Easy Dehulling Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea Link) Genotype. Pandey, G., Misra, G., Kumari, K., Gupta, S., Kumar Parida, S., Chattopadhyay, D., et al. Water, birds, insects, machinery, and animal feet disperse it, but contaminated seed is probably the most common dispersal method. Furthermore, barnyard millet is well adapted to both warm and temperate regions and it is a rich source of genes responsible for stress tolerance. Panicle erect, 7-20 cm long, dense with erect or spreading branches. More breeding programs have to be designed in the future for harnessing the genetic variability for high yield potential, yield stability, improved salinity tolerance, pest and disease resistance, as well as enhanced nutritional quality, especially micronutrient composition. Barnyard millet is primarily cultivated for human consumption, though it is also used as a livestock feed. (2017). As Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz, 1992. In addition, the waxy protein trait was found to be stably inherited. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.013, Li, G., Wu, S. G., Yu, R. X., Cang, T., Chen, L. P., Zhao, X. P., et al. using RAD-seq. Weed Sci. Food Sci. doi: 10.1007/s11032-012-9825-5, Sayani, R., and Chatterjee, A. However, those ESTs were limitedly used in the marker development and diversity studies in barnyard millet, since they are weedy ancestors. Hoshino, T., Nakamura, T., Seimiya, Y., Kamada, T., Ishikawa, G., Ogasawara, A., et al. doi: 10.5958/0975-928X.2019.00083.8. [12], see Acroceras Axonopus Brachiaria Oplismenopsis Oplismenus Panicum Paspalidium Pseudechinolaena Setaria Urochloa. Its wild ancestor is the tropical grass Echinochloa colona,[3] but the exact date or region of domestication is uncertain. (2013b). However, isozyme marker analysis between these two species revealed that the accessions within the same species formed two different clusters and accessions from different species grouped into the same cluster, creating the possibility of the existence of intergrades and overlaps between the species (Prabha et al., 2010). Similarly, 106 eSSR (EST-derived simple sequence repeats) markers from Setaria showed consistent amplification in millet and non-millet species and also exhibited high cross species transferability in barnyard millet (90.6%) (Kumari et al., 2013).

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