why did japan attack pearl harbor according to tojo

He turned conventional wisdom on its head by planning a surprise attack on the USs key Pacific naval base, located in Hawaii. The discovery of the records settles once and for all any question about the emperor's response to the question on Pearl Harbor. It looks like you're using an ad blocker. Records of an interview given by Emperor Hirohito immediately after Japan's surrender in World War II show him naming wartime military leader Hideki Tojo as responsible for the sneak 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. They were also separated into three groups attacking mostly the same targets, but with the base now on high alert, their attacks were less successful. As U.S. cities seek more data in public, can they boost trust in tech? Tojo's thinking seems to have been influenced mainly by the preparations he had been involved in, without taking into account other variables such as advances in the American fleet or even the possible failure of the Pearl Harbor attack. In reality he is Takeo Yoshikawa, the Japanese navys top intelligence agent, and his orders are to report by diplomatic code the daily status of the US fleet and its bases. WebJapan had been at war with China since 1937, and the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 ensured that the Soviets were no longer a threat to the Japanese on the It is now clear that Japans claims cannot be attained through diplomatic means, Tojo said. And on top of that two major British warships the HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya by Japanese torpedo bombers. The Great Depression following the 1929 Wall Street Crash only heightened the mood of introspection. Now Manchuria had many of the resources that Japan needed and gave them a firmer foothold on the Asian continent for future advances. These culminated in the huge Battle of Khalkhin Gol which the Soviet-Mongolian forces won a major victory. We humbly apologize for the inconvenience. The attack on Pearl Harbor was a failure and a mistake. US intelligence decodes the message but fails to attach any importance to its disturbing contents. Scheduled for the 7th of December, the attack would take the Americans by complete surprise paralyzing their fleet for months and costing thousands of lives. APRIL/MAY 1940 Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander-in-chief of Japans For instance, Hideki Tojo was responsible for one of the most significant events of World War II the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. WebThe Japanese fleet was told to attack Pearl Harbor on December 7 unless it received a last-minute cancellation because of a sudden change in Americas attitude. The aircraft there were stored wingtip to wingtip to prevent sabotage, but that made them easy pickings for the Japanese. A move to a total war footing was the natural next step. One seaman, Iki Kuramoto, writes in his diary: An air attack on Hawaii! It would stick with him throughout his life. To win they would have to look elsewhere for the resources they needed. The political consequences of the assassination were far-reaching. Sunday, December 7, 1941, was supposed to be a day of rest for the With goals of expansion in Asia and the Pacific, Japan saw an increased need for natural resources (steel, oil, minerals). We often hear historians call the attack on Pearl Harbor successful. On December 7th 1941 those plans were finally put into action. A Comprehensive Analysis. A Pacific Warhad been discussed for decades by both Japanese and U.S. Militaries. It is operated by Mauka Tours, LLC a licensed Tour Agency in Hawaii. . Until now, no documents had been found in Japan that named Tojo, the wartime prime minister, as responsible. The attack at Pearl Harbor was a huge gamble, but one which did not pay off. Kurusu and The Americans believed that the water was too shallow for a torpedo attack, but the Japanese had created a brand new kind of torpedo specifically designed for the waters of Pearl Harbor and it had a devastating effect. The Japanese then had completed their goal with speed and efficiency. Operation Barbarossa Explained: Why Hitler failed to defeat Russia. Kurusu and Nomurawho had been sincere in seeking peace until they received the Hull notewere told to stall for time. The message is intercepted by US intelligence through its Magicprogramme, which allows it to decode Japans diplomatic dispatches. Increasingly, FDR initiated a covert defence of the free world. By the mid-1930s the northern plan was already in full swing with attacks in Manchuria and China and this had led to border disputes with the Soviets. In spite of these setbacks, Japanese mainstream politicians continued to support the global postwar settlement, whose twin pillars were the League of Nations and the Washington Naval Treaty. On 15 May 1932 another anti-capitalist group, this time made up of junior naval officers, organised hit squads on eminent liberal figures. The Japanese armys Manchurian ruse fooled nobody. Historians had long speculated about who actually gave the order for the attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii that brought U.S. forces into World War II. Unless the western powers backed down, the cabinet resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain and the Netherlands if necessary. But there was one huge problem. In addition to war with China, Japans fear of the Soviet Union led to the eruption of a full-scale border conflict, culminating in a heavy defeat for Japan at the battles of Khalkhin Gol, on the Mongolian-Manchurian border. 27 JANUARY Joseph Grew, the US ambassador to Japan, wires Washington with a warning hes received from multiple sources that, in the event of conflict, the Japanese will attempt a surprise mass attack on Pearl Harbor using all of their military facilities. Many of the Japanese armys senior generals, also infused with the mythical cult of the god-emperor, gave tacit support to the young officers. Racist treatment of Japanese businessmen was also seen as endemic in Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai and other western imperial outposts. The emperor replied that it had never been his intention for the declaration of war to be issued to American officials hours after Japanese aircraft bombed Pearl Harbor. The memo also puts to rest any doubts about how Emperor Hirohito felt as the hour of the attack neared. An event in World War II that ended with Franklin D. Roosevelts historic a day that will live in infamy line, the attack on Pearl Harbor was actually a preventive The cabinet voted unanimously for war. WebThe first reason Japan attacked pearl harbor was the u.s. embargoes against Japan. Its known that the Japanese leadership had great confidence in their navy, but the fact that Tojo was already declaring the Empires victory before the first bombs were dropped is a new revelation that paints a picture of the nations overconfidence. . 20 NOVEMBERAfter talks lasting several months, the Japanese hand US secretary of state Cordell Hull their final proposition, which he likens to an ultimatum. Document D Source: 10. This would later be followed up by the far more sweeping Lend-Lease in 1941 which included China and the Soviet Union and asked for no payment in return. After more than 75 years, the question remains for students of the history of World War Two: Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor? So because Japan are sort of anticipating this short war that's going to lead to negotiations their target selection focuses on the battleships which are going to prevent the U.S Pacific Fleet from coming out into Pacific and Southeast Asia and stopping the Japanese and they're not thinking about things like the fuel depots and the repair shops that are actually going to allow America to pursue a longer war in the Pacific. So basically they wanted to build an empire sort of like that of Great Britain the United States and from that they could extract natural resources, exploit labor and build new trade routes and become one of the world's great powers. It is operated by Mauka Tours, LLC a licensed Tour Agency in Hawaii. In our opinion it was not. The Great Depression undermined Japans democratic constitution. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor there was large number of isolationists that had prevented the United States' involvement in WWII. Moriyama explains The memo vividly showed [Tojo] was very happy because the Emperor approved of his preparations.. Japans cabinet board reported that the empire will shortly be impoverished and unable to hold its own. So strong was the feeling of racial conspiracy that Duke Aritomo Yamagata, the statesman who had modernised the Japanese army after the overthrow of the shogunate in 1868, warned that it was extremely important to take steps to prevent the establishment of a white alliance against the yellow people. Meanwhile across the Pacific, the U.S was looking on with mounting concern. Moreover, the young Emperor Hirohito refrained from using the supreme powers given to him by the Meiji Constitution to push back against the military. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. (u.s. Economic sanctions. The proposal is ignored and, in response to the Japanese occupation, on 26 July Roosevelt freezes all Japanese assets in America. So Japan had spent much of the early 20th century modernizing its economy and its military. The day before the death of Sara Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelts mother,the State Departments rebuff of Japanese Prime Minister Konoyes urgent request for a private talk with Roosevelt convinced the Japanese to begin serious plans for an attack. So the U.S is officially now in the war. You can unsubscribe at any time. But as congress was passing these acts the world around the U.S was getting a lot more violent and unstable. From 1919 to 1922, he was the military attache to Germany. After the Battle of Midway turned the tide of the war, however, he started to face increasing opposition. The vast resources of the United States power, raw materials, industrial production all had to be mobilized to meet the demands of total war. In 1939 all but 6% of its oil supply was imported with roughly 80% coming from the United States alone. But for Japan accepting those demands was akin to complete defeat. In response to the Washington Naval Treaty, Kametaro Mitsukawa, an influential nationalist intellectual, claimed the western powers were plotting to subjugate Asia completely by the end of the 20th century. Merchants of Death, a bestseller in 1934, was one of the many polemic publications that turned the American public towards neutrality in international affairs. Singapore holds first LGBTQ rally since gay sex decriminalized, A Japanese song on the South Korean charts is more than just a viral moment, Japan may have entered ninth COVID-19 wave: virus expert. By 1934, he was promoted to major general and took over as the Chief of the Personnel Department. At 7:55 am the first attack wave of 183 aircraft appeared in the skies over Pearl Harbor, the Americans were taken completely by surprise. Rather than be taken in, Tojo attempted to commit suicide by shooting himself in the heart. Another historian, University of Shizuoka professor Atsushi Moriyama, commenting on Tojos view of the impending war, called it very narrow-sighted as it ignored the other factors that would determine the ultimate victory or defeat. Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the, The Man Who Ordered Pearl Harbor: Hideki Tojo, Pearl Harbor & Honolulu City Tour from Waikiki, The Complete Pearl Harbor Tour Experience With Lunch. Well to answer that question we first need to go back to the 1930s. WebJapanese military soldiers conducted a series of human rights abuses against civilians and prisoners of war throughout East Asia and the western Pacific region. At the imperial conference on 5 November, Hirohito approved Yamamotos plan of attack. With your current subscription plan you can comment on stories. As war was inevitable, Japans only chance was the element of surprise and to destroy Americas navy as quickly as possible. The Japanese believed that once the U.S. Pacific Fleet was neutralized, all of Southeast Asia would be open for conquest. 27 NOVEMBER Kimmel and Short receive a war warning from Washington, in which they are informed that Japan has ignored their final demands and that talks now appear to be terminated. Yamamoto had delivered his updated contingency plan for an attack on Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1941, less than a month after the British aerial torpedo attack on Taranto. 22 NOVEMBERThe last of the Japanese task force arrives in the remote Hitokappu Bay on the island of Etorofu, in the Sea of Okhotsk, north-east of Japan. The Japanese believed that President Theodore Roosevelt had cheated them out of the gains they deserved from the war. He survived the attempt, enabling him to stand trial. Instead, it said only that "details of war strategy were left up to the highest commanders in the (Imperial Japanese) army and navy." Roane Tells Black Philadelphia's History from the Margins, Cash Reparations to Japanese Internees Helped Rebuild Autonomy and Dignity, New College Visiting Prof. Out of JobRufo's Public Remarks Suggest Politics the Motive, Recovering the Story of the Empress Messalina After a Roman Cancellation. Every man will do his duty.. In mid-September 1931, Japanese army officers involved in a plot to annex Manchuria a northern Chinese region long coveted by Japan received a warning telegram from Tokyo: PLOT EXPOSED. I think Tojo was saying what he was actually feeling, Furukawa stated after studying the historic memo. Japanese forces also overran Allied possessions in south-east Asia and The Philippines. On December 7th, 1941, Prime Minister Tojo announced to the nation that Japan was at war with the United States. Forewarned, on the evening of 18 September, when Tatekawas train arrived in the city of Mukden, the army officers whisked him off to the best teahouse in town, the Literary Chrysanthemum, where Tatekawa was happily plied with tea, sake, a bed and a geisha. This article is part of our larger selection of postsabout the Pearl Harbor attack. Roosevelts restriction on Japans oil supply shifted Japanese planning into high gear. HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. Aggressive international alliances were being forged. Meanwhile, the USA was slowly awakening from its isolationism. All Rights Reserved. By 1937, gradual encroachments by Japans Kwantung (Manchurian) army had left Beijing all but surrounded. At that point, a meeting including Yuzawa,Army Vice Minister Heitaro Kimura, and Tojo had ended several hours earlier and the attack on Pearl Harbor was less than four hours away. Hideki Tojo took up his new position at a complicated time. Japanhad seen successes in previous years by attacking and colonizing Korea, and defeating Russia, and China. Crucially though, the three all-important U.S aircraft carriers were out on manoeuvres at the time of the attack and escaped unscathed. In the meantime, with nothing further to gain from negotiations, Cordell Hull, the US secretary of state, presented Ambassador Nomura with a 10-point ultimatum, including the demand that Japan withdraw from all of China and Indochina. Pearl Harbor: The Ultimate Guide to the Attack, What Happened After the Attack of Pearl Harbor, California Do not sell my personal information. If this does not resolve the issue or you are unable to add the domains to your allowlist, please see this FAQ. However, the attack would also change the course of the Second World War and spell ultimate doom for Imperial Japan. So not only would they be able to launch their attacks without interference from the U.S they would also have time to dig in defensively and consolidate their gains. However, striking south into British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies would almost certainly provoke an armed U.S response. Though Japan took its objectives in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, the U.S did not respond as expected. Francis Pike considers the tensions between the two nations on the road to Pearl Harbor. So much for the Japanese postwar myth that he was a powerless constitutional monarch. Having seized Germanys Kiautschou Bay concession, a valuable 213-square-mile territory on Chinas eastern seaboard, Japan was forced to hand it back to China. 13:00 Takeo Yoshikawa has spent the morning making a final surveillance of the US fleet at anchor, and files a report to Tokyo in which he states that there are no signs of barrage balloon equipment, and nor can he see any anti-torpedo nets protecting the battleships. The Japanese grand strategy, if war could not be avoided, was to inflict enough damage and seize enough territory that the Americans would guarantee Japanese sovereignty in return for an armistice and restoration of all or most of what Japan had taken outside Korea and perhaps Manchuria. 24 SEPTEMBERAt a top secret naval conference in Japan, chaired by admirals Shigeru Fukudome and Matome Ugaki, the date to attack Pearl Harbor is discussed. IWM collections. WebAttack on Pearl Harbor. Im perfectly relieved, Yuzawa quoted Prime Minister Tojo in the memo. Yet just a year after his second election victory, Roosevelt signalled a change of course. Meanwhile, the main body of the Japanese navy would wait for the approach of the US fleet as it sailed to relieve the Philippines which was indeed the proposal of War Plan Orange, as conceived by the joint US Army and Navy Board in the 1920s. After the U.S.A's participation in the First World War they start to adopt an unofficial policy of non-interventionism and isolationism. All Rights Reserved. Running out of oil would basically spell doom for their military campaign in China as well as their other territorial ambitions. There were also a host of other natural resources that Japan needed, but could only get through imports and that included scrap metal, coal, iron all things that are vital to their war effort and actually a lot of this stuff also comes from the United States. With the Japanese cabinet demanding the US and its western allies back down on its assets freeze, the scope for compromise was limited. As Moriyama told The Japan Times, these officials admitted that Japan could sustain several victories early in the war, but were unsure of the nations ability to continue the successes considering its limited resources. The Japanese decided then that they had to blunt that U.S response by attacking the U.S Pacific Fleet at anchor Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 20th Century Timeline Of World History: What Happened? Next Baron Takuma Dan, a western-sympathising graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was murdered outside the offices of Mitsui Bank, where he was an executive. This would give time for Japan to build up defences in the Pacific islands, and secure its resource supply lines within its newly acquired south-east Asian empire. Learn about this historic event that caused the United States to enter World War II. Coupled with Japan's recent alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy, the U.S responded by imposing an embargo on iron, steel, and copper all of which were essential to Japan's war industries and which were largely imported from the U.S. Yamamoto, who spoke fluent English, had studied at Harvard, and in happier times had hitchhiked across the United States, knew that Japan could not conquer, or even defeat, the United States. He felt the act proved that the Americans would never consider Asians their equals. On 7 December 1941, Japan launched a surprise air attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. On 25 July 1941, Roosevelt froze all Japanese monetary assets held in the US, which immediately threatened Tokyos ability to supply its war machine. Tokyo demands a required amount of oil, an end to the freeze on its assets and the discontinuation of aid to China, and in return promises only the partial withdrawal of troops from Indochina. On the 26th of November 1941, a Japanese attack fleet consisting of six aircraft carriers, two battleships, and hundreds of aircraft departed from Japan and began the long journey to an assembly point 230 miles north of the Hawaiian island of Oahu. In January 1919, when the great powers met for the Paris Peace Conference that marked the settlement of the First World War, Japan joined the top table alongside the United States, Britain, France and Italy. Yuzawa claimed in the memo that he wrote it because he was deeply moved and felt honored" to be a part of the war preparations. When Germany invades the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa in June 1941 these plans for an invasion of Siberia are briefly reconsidered. Japans invasion of China, which had started with the Mukden Incident in 1931, had become the casus belli that had launched Japan into war with the world greatest empire, Britain, and the worlds most powerful nation: the United States. However, instead of moving to contain the power of the army after the coup attempt, Hirohito allowed it to entrench its political position. When Emperor Hirohitos counsellors advised him to choose the bellicose General Hideki Tojo as prime minister on 17 October 1941, the path to peace became vanishingly narrow. Roosevelt expected an attack by the Japanese, but conspiracy theories claiming that he knew that they were going to strike Pearl Harbor have been rejected by most scholars. So this time the U.S responds by freezing all of Japan's assets in the United States and this prevents Japan from purchasing oil. The attack on Pearl Harbor ranks as the most successful military surprise attack in the early years of combined naval/aerial combat. WebPearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941), surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the And for three years after that, Tojo oversaw the War in the Pacific. You can say we have already won [the war], given the current situation. The situation Tojo was referring to isnt entirely clear, though it may have to do with the planned attack on Pearl Harbor or Emperor Hirohitos endorsement of the preparations of war. The other group of bombers and torpedo bombers targeted the ships in the harbour, in particular, the battleships on 'Battleship row'. The aim was to create a multilateral arms limitation treaty by restricting the building of battleships the weapons of mass destruction of their day. His already low opinion on the United States grew, and became even worse in 1924 when the American Congress passed the Immigration Control Act that banned Asian immigration to the United States. In 1945, after Japan announced it would surrender, Tojo and 39 other Japanese leaders were arrested and charged with war crimes. Web/ The War / The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Short Fuse Article The Road to Pearl Harbor: The Short Fuse The attack on Pearl Harbor was decades in the making, but still came as a shock. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor for a few reasons. Barely a year later, Japan was at war again with China this time for control of the whole country. Long-simmering tensions with the U.S. over expansion in Asia came to a head on ACT BEFORE TATEKAWAS ARRIVAL. Japans civil government had not authorised the plot, and had sent Major General Yoshitsugu Tatekawa to prevent it. WebPearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. Specifically, the oil embargo that America organized with the British and the Dutch was a thorn in the side for Japan, which imported 90% of its oil. Japan wanted to move into the Dutch East Indies and Malaya to conquer territories that could provideimportant natural resources such as oil and rubber. Their target was the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. WebHistory Magazine Japan had little chance of victoryso why did it attack Pearl Harbor? The Japanese assumption about the feelings of the American people was completely wrong. Unlike in 1932, the rebel officers had sought to overthrow the government itself. So though America had began the 1930s as a bastion of isolationism, the outbreak of war in Europe, as well as Japanese atrocities in China, brought a gradual shift in public opinion back towards interventionism. At 10.20pm, with the governments envoy otherwise engaged, the plotters exploded a small bomb next to the Japanese-controlled railway tracks near Mukden. Chaplin was lucky to be out watching Sumo wrestling with Inukais son. (Japan officially rejects FDRs proposal on 6 August.). It is comprised of six aircraft carriers, two heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, two battleships, nine destroyers and eight tankers (the 23 fleet submarines and five midget subs sail separately). Greater insults to Japans national dignity soon followed at the Washington Naval Conference, which began in November 1921. Japan attacked the U.S Pacific Fleet at its base at Pearl Harbor on the 7th of December 1941, but what led to that decision? The American people, like Roosevelt, began to fear isolation in a totalitarian world. So in one fell swoop, Japan loses 94% of its oil supply. Neither Admiral Kimmel nor Lieutenant General Walter Short the military commander responsible for the defence of US military installations in Hawaii is informed of the message. WebJapan's Goal in Attacking Pearl Harbor. The Mukden Incident, through which Japan had conquered Manchuria, had ended with the Tanggu Truce of 1933. The accepted strategy for combating the west was for Japan to move rapidly to secure the oil-rich Dutch East Indies and the Philippines, a US colonial dependency. The supposedly formidable British military and naval garrison at Singapore would be taken, along with commodity-rich Malaya and Burma. Japan's desire for an empire and the natural resources to go with it had slowly awoken the U.S from its isolationism. Site created in November 2000. By noon the following day most of the junction towns on the South Manchuria Railway had been seized; the rest of the province soon followed. In a sign of Japans increasingly nationalist mood, instead of being condemned, the assassins were popularly celebrated and given short prison sentences. Their target, the U.S Pacific Fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor. 3 NOVEMBERAdmiral Osami Nagano, chief of the Imperial Japanese Naval General Staff, is received by Emperor Hirohito in the Imperial Palace, and discloses the details of the impending raid on Pearl Harbor. 24 SEPTEMBERThe Japanese consulate in Honolulu receives a message from Tokyo asking for a grid of the exact locations of ships in Pearl Harbor, and in particular to make mention of the fact when there are two or more vessels alongside the same wharf. Now, none of the three carriers of the Pacific Fleet remain at Pearl. In Tokyo, Prime Minister Gen. Hideki Tojo was perfectly relieved and tipsy, convinced Japan would win any conflict with the United States after having finished all the administrative procedures to wage war against American and British forces in Hawaii and Asia. But the Japanese did not learn their lesson and occupied even more of French Indochina in July 1941 as a launch point for invasions further south. According to The Japan Times, Tojos elation seemed to be more about gaining the Emperors approval. The humiliating terms for China ceded not only Manchuria to Japan, but also control of the Great Wall and a 100-mile exclusion zone to its south. His behavior at trial didnt save him, however, and on December 23rd, 1948, Hideki Tojo was executed by hanging. A lot of Americans consider that Pearl Harbor was one the darkest days in all American History, but what was the reason for this attack, Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? Hirohito knew that his dynasty itself could be wiped out like the Romanovs or marginalized, as the Japanese themselves had done to the Korean royalty if he bowed to demands that the Japanese saw as not merely insulting but insane. The better men of two cabinets had been murdered or wounded because they were seen as too accommodating to the foreigners who wanted to colonize Japan or reduce the nation that had never lost a war in modern times to a vulnerable third-rate power. During this period within the Japanese government, there were many hawkish politicians and military leaders. The message is dubbed the bomb plot by US intelligence, but dismissed as a device to reduce the volume of radio traffic. This seemingly minor constitutional tweak in effect gave the army and navy a veto over the formation of any Japanese government. PearlHarbor.org is a non-government site that provides information and assistance to those interestedin visiting Pearl Harbor. Sponsored contents planned and edited by JT Media Enterprise Division. They believe that the U.S probably won't have the stomach to fight this costly war against a dug-in enemy thousands of miles away across the Pacific and they would instead negotiate for peace. To learn more see our FAQ. Japan's goal was to destroy the US Pacific Fleet and crush the will of the American people. Health Researchers Show Segregation 100 Years Ago Harmed Black Health, and Effects Continue Today, Understanding the Leading Thinkers of the New American Right, Want to Understand the Internet? WebThe attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in This demand stemmed from the passage of a series of anti-Japanese race laws in the US, culminating in the California Alien Land Law of 1913, which banned immigrant farmers from owning land. Both proposals were declined. On the 7 July 1937, an unplanned skirmish at the Marco Polo Bridge to the south of Beijing initiated all-out war between Japan and China.

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