the san diego wisdom scale pdf

Research on Aging, 25(3), 275-324. Our goal was to create a 7-item version of the SD-WISE (i.e., SD-WISE-7), with one item for each component of wisdom. How to investigate insight: A proposal. However, in previous research, we have found that social desirability bias does not play a substantial role in self-reports of well-being and related measures (Dawes et al., Reference Dawes, Palmer, Allison, Ganiats and Jeste2011). To begin, we evaluated the item properties of all 28 SD-WISE items in order to ensure good psychometric properties. How self-compassionate are you? Baron-Cohen, S., Wheetwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. The sixth domain -- social decision-making -- was partially covered as "social advising.". Recognition of the limits of one's own knowledge; 2. Recognition of change/multiple ways the events may unfold. "This study investigated individual differences in cognitive abilities that contribute to solving insight problems. One possible reason has been a lack of brief but validated measures of wisdom that can be used in regular research or clinical investigations. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. [link], Toronto Alexithymia Scale (2001). tendency to use or avoid extreme points in ratings, tendency to rate all scales in the negative or positive direction, etc.). [link], Need for Closure Scale (Or begin with Pre-Primer for K students.) High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. We developed a new 24-item scale (San Diego Wisdom Scale or SD- WISE; Thomas, M.L. Spontaneous mentalizing captures variability in the cortical thickness of social brain regions. [link], Problem-solving Measures Gross, J. J. (2017, September 20). Thus, given the increasing popularity of the SD-WISE, there is a need for an abbreviated version. 10). and Notably, all of the discrimination parameters are positive, and most have modest to large effect sizes, suggesting that the items are good indicators of their measured constructs. The author reviews several pre-problem-solving measures and insight problem-solving measures. Epub 2013 Apr 15. It helps professionals distinguish between a client's feelings of anxiety and depression. More modest discrimination parameters were produced for I remain calm under pressure, I avoid self-reflection, and I enjoy being exposed to diverse viewpoints, indicators of emotional regulation, self-reflection, and acceptance of divergent perspectives, respectively. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily, its staff, its contributors, or its partners. The current study aimed to develop a reliable and valid abbreviated version of SD-WISE with only one item for each of the seven components mentioned above. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(1), 84-95. Finally, for spirituality, the choice was between items 5 (My spiritual belief gives me inner strength.) and 3 (There is no existence of the soul after death.). Wisdom is an ancient concept that has gained new interest among clinical researchers as a complex trait relevant to well-being and healthy aging. As described above, we used the 28-item SD-WISE with all the seven components of wisdom. University of California-San Francisco. The items are rated from 1 or strongly disagree to 5 or strongly agree. Association Between Wisdom and Psychotic-Like Experiences in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Daly, Rebecca Aha! (1995). UC San Diego Health Sciences; 9500 Gilman Drive; La Jolla, CA 92093-0012; Home; About School of Medicine; Education; Research; Admissions; Psychological Science, 18(7), 600-606. SD-WISE total scores were reliable, demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity, and correlated, as hypothesized, negatively with emotional distress, but positively with well-being. The largest discrimination parameters were for I often don't know what to tell people when they come to me for advice, I avoid situations where I know my help will be needed, and I tend to postpone making major decisions as long as I can, indicators of social advising, pro-social behavior, and decisiveness, respectively. 125 0 obj (2007). Conceptual framework and item selection, An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale, Practical and transcendent wisdom: their nature and some longitudinal findings, Item discrimination parameter estimates for the SD-WISE subscales, Unidimensional model fit indices for the top five combinations of items, Item discrimination parameter estimates for the seven-item SD-WISE, Concurrent validity, demographic, convergent validity correlations, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. stream "This was a first field test of SD-WISE and results are encouraging, but more work remains.Its reliability and validity need to be evaluated further across different socio-cultural, racial-ethnic and national samples," said Jeste. [link], The Jefferson Scale of Empathy Reynolds, Charles F. Item discrimination parameter estimates for the SD-WISE-7 are reported in Table3. It evaluates ones sense of the ability to maintain positive social connections, as well as compassion or conscientious behavior. Table 4. Analyses indicated that the 28-item and 7-item SD-WISE are both very highly correlated (r = 0.92) and produce a nearly identical pattern of correlations with demographic and validity variables. endobj Need for cognitive closure is defined as a desire for an answer in order to end further information processing and judgment, even if that answer is not the correct or best answer. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Studies suggest that wisdom may be defined by six specific domains and that these domains are linked to distinct regions of the brain, based upon neuroimaging and other scientific evidence. 2019 Jan;108:40-47.doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.005. Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. "Nonetheless, its potential value is considerable. The present study aimed to create an abbreviated 7-item version of the SD-WISE. [link], The Trolley Problem << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 923 >> eCollection 2022. The other domains are social decision-making/pragmatic knowledge of life, emotional regulation, reflection/self-understanding, tolerance of diverse values, and ability to effectively deal with uncertainty and ambiguity in life. Epub 2021 Dec 3. Render date: 2023-06-27T22:52:54.570Z 0000002448 00000 n 8600 Rockville Pike [link], Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy endobj 134 0 obj This study has several strengths including a relatively large size of the sample that included adults across the lifespan and use of multiple validity measures. San Diego Wisdom Scale About the Jeste-Thomas Index Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine report that an abbreviated, seven-item scale can help determine with high validity a person's level of wisdom, a potentially modifiable personality trait that has been shown to have a strong association to well-being. Int Psychogeriatr. The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) 2017 The Regents of the University of California The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) Instructions: Please rate the extent to which you agree with each statement using the 1-5 agreement scale listed below (where 1 = Strongly disagree and 5 = Strongly agree). Journal of personality assessment,91(1), 62-71. Experimental Aging Research, 37(2), 129-41. Although a newer component of the SD-WISE, spirituality has been considered to be a component of wisdom for centuries. 2021 Jan;132:174-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.033. University of California - San Diego. Financial support for ScienceDaily comes from advertisements and referral programs, where indicated. J Psychiatr Res. [link]. 0000025152 00000 n Ultimately, we chose item 9 because it had a larger subscale discrimination parameter, had a shorter word length, and was judged by the authors to have better content validity (i.e., calm response as opposed to emotional recovery). 0000024570 00000 n Has data issue: false PDF UC San Diego - eScholarship Item discrimination parameter estimates for the seven-item SD-WISE. Thomas,M. L., Bangen, K. J., Palmer, B.W., & Jeste, D. (2017). << /Linearized 1 /L 412771 /H [ 1169 714 ] /O 129 /E 47682 /N 22 /T 410151 >> Dr. Kristin Neff, Associate Professor in Human Development and Culture, Educational Psychology Department, University of Texas at Austin, is author ofSelf-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself(2011). "The STAI Form Y is the definitive instrument for measuring anxiety in adults. Disclaimer. [link], Reading the Mind in the Eyes CFI and TLI values of approximately 0.95 or greater and RMSEA values of approximately 0.06 and lower are typically considered excellent; CFI and TLI values above 0.90 and RMSEA values below 0.08 are considered adequate (Brown, Reference Brown2015; Hu and Bentler, Reference Hu and Bentler1999). [link]. To evaluate the effect of culture, we asked Chinese and American pairs to play a communication game that required perspective taking". K23 MH102420/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States, R01 MH094151/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States, R01 MH099987/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States, NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. wisdom is potentially modifiable (Lee et al., Reference Lee2020), it is important to examine changes in scores such as JTWI along with neurobiological assessments like brain imaging. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. [link], Di Fabio, A., & Gori, A. J Happiness Stud. The study found that the basic constructs of wisdom and loneliness seemed to be similar in the two cultures, with a consistent inverse correlation between them. For emotional regulation, the choice was between item 15 (I am able to recover well from emotional stress.) and item 9 (I remain calm under pressure.). Data were collected from 524 community-dwelling adults age 25-104 years as part of a structured multi-cohort study of adult lifespan. With SD-WISE and other measures, existing or yet to be created, we can study wisdom and its development across the lifespan. A model is proposed describing three types of cognitive ability that contribute independently to insight: convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and breaking frame", "The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) is a computerized measure of risk taking behavior. Item discrimination parameter estimates for all 28-items of the SD-WISE-28 are reported in Table1. While objective measures would be helpful, there are currently no validated objective measures of wisdom or other personality traits. Authors Michael L Thomas 1 , Katherine J Bangen 1 , Barton W Palmer 2 Davis, M. H. (1983). eCollection 2022. 0000001883 00000 n Using Fiction to Assess Mental State Understanding: A New Task for Assessing Theory of Mind in Adults. (PDF) Investigating the psychometric properties of the San Diego wisdom The Yale Law Journal, 94(6), 1395-1415. doi:10.2307/796133. Wisdom Abbreviated San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-7) and Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index (JTWI) DOI: Authors: Michael L. Thomas Barton W. Palmer Ellen Lee University of California, San Diego. it ultimately improves itself and society. Being wise usually means a variety of different things for different people. See this image and copyright information in PMC. See Table 1. Another study with a different sample from our research group (Jeste et al., Reference Jeste2020b) compared older adults from the USA with those from the Cilento region of Italy using English and Italian versions, respectively, of these scales. Several planned psychometric analyses were used to select the final 7-item scale. 2022. The social advising component refers to the ability to give good advice to others. We sought to develop a new scale, the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), which builds upon recent gains in the understanding of psychological and neurobiological models of the trait. 132 0 obj Bangen K.J., Meeks, T.W., & Jeste, D.V. The study sample was predominantly comprised of people from non-Latinx white race/ethnicity and high levels of education relative to the general US public. The results support the reliability and validity of SD-WISE scores. Wisdom, as measured with SD-WISE, correlated with measures of psychological well-being. Thus, investigators who are interested in studying subcomponents of wisdom, and not the just the broad construct, are advised to use the full 28-item version (SD-WISE-28, Thomas, et al., Reference Thomas2019a). In fact, this phenomenon is shown in Table4, where the SD-WISE-7 validity correlations are consistently smaller (albeit slightly) than SD-WISE-28 validity correlations. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 7;;@MJ+ 05agKA%13l3 _41Ua4Bi=,z|1:h`eL;=:f)7`P0lm$fZta@9w:s9>rZu. Kounios, J., & Jung-Beeman, M. (2009). endobj When shoes become hammers: Goal-derived categorization training enhances problem-solving performance. 0000000015 00000 n HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In J. %PDF-1.3 (2009). "New tool to assess individual's level of wisdom: San Diego Wisdom Scale reflects data that neurobiology underlies trait." Is spirituality a component of wisdom? CD-RISC = Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; CESD-HS = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale Happiness Factor; DSSI = Duke Social Support Index; GAD-2 = 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; MOS-12 = Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form; PHQ-2 = 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SDWISE-28 = 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale; UCLA-4 = 4-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. A New Scale for Assessing Wisdom Based on Common Domains and a It examines mimetic tendency to five basic emotions (love, happiness, fear, anger, and sadness). Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine have developed a new tool called the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) to assess an individual's level of wisdom,. Thus, the SD-WISE, 3D-WS, and SAWS are all quite long relative to many commonly used outcome measures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(4), 935. We selected a combination of items that produced acceptable unidimensional model fit and good reliability ( = 0.74). Frontiers in psychology,7, 890. As the empirical data regarding wisdom have grown, several measures have been used to assess an individual's level of wisdom. 2022;23(7):3285-3313. doi: 10.1007/s10902-022-00540-3. A limitation of using the SD-WISE-7 is that it is less suited for analysis of the seven individual subdomains of wisdom. How do we perceive the pain of others? A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a - PubMed However, the magnitudes of these associations were small, suggesting that the SD-WISE is not just a global measure of mental state. has been issued for this article. To find out how well you read the emotions of others, "Social functioning depends on the ability to attribute and reason about the mental states of others - an ability known as theory of mind (ToM). Int Psychogeriatr. The study's researchers had previously developed the 28-item San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-28), which has been used in large national and international studies, biological research and clinical trials to evaluate wisdom. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 65(2), 163-183. Item statistics suggested that all seven items were strong indicators of wisdom, although the association was weakest for spirituality. Method: We examined loneliness and wisdom, using the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (UCLA-3) and San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE), respectively, in four subject groups: adults aged 50-65 . Please note a << /AcroForm 127 0 R /Lang (en-US) /Metadata 123 0 R /Names 119 0 R /OpenAction [ 0 /XYZ 0 732 0.75 ] /PageLabels 121 0 R /Pages 118 0 R /Type /Catalog /ViewerPreferences << /Direction /L2R >> >> Several studies have reported an association of wisdom with aging, although much of this literature is based on cross-sectional research. 0000047595 00000 n University of California - San Diego. The pro-social behaviors component includes empathy, compassion, altruism, and sense of fairness. and New tool to assess individual's level of wisdom: San Diego Wisdom Scale reflects data that neurobiology underlies trait. ScienceDaily, 20 September 2017. Participants are then asked to choose which of four words best describes what the person in each photograph is thinking or feeling. endobj Palo Alto (CA): Consulting Psychologists Press. Lee EE, Depp C, Palmer BW, Glorioso D, Daly R, Liu J, Tu XM, Kim HC, Tarr P, Yamada Y, Jeste DV. Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). Advances in neuroimaging, genetics and other sciences can help reveal how wisdom works biologically within the brain. Self-Transcendence: Conceptualization and Measurement. 128 0 obj Pers Soc Psychol Rev. Table 1. The scale includes 42 items within five sub-scales: Desire for predictability; Preference for order and structure; Discomfort with ambiguity; Decisiveness; and Close-mindedness. Moreover, all combinations included item 11 (I tend to postpone making major decisions as long as I can. Reverse-coded) for the Decisiveness subscale, item 16 (I avoid self-reflection. Reverse-coded) for Self-Reflection, item 5 (I avoid situations where I know my help will be needed. Reverse-coded) for Pro-Social Behaviors, and item 23 (I often don't know what to tell people when they come to me for advice. Reverse-coded) for Social Advising, suggesting that these items were consistently optimal indicators of the constructs assessed. [link], Director Task PlosONe, 8(11), e81279. This pattern is broadly consistent with our previous findings that wisdom is associated with a variety of positive traits and outcomes (Ardelt and Jeste, Reference Ardelt and Jeste2016; Ardelt, Reference Ardelt1997; Etezadi and Pushkar, Reference Etezadi and Pushkar2013; Grossmann et al., Reference Grossmann2020; Jeste and Lee, Reference Jeste and Lee2019). Developing the Functional Assertiveness Scale: Measuring Dimensions of Objective Effectiveness and Pragmatic Politeness. PDF UC San Diego Previously Published Works - eScholarship "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Subjects view a series of black and white pictures of the eye region of a face. Wisdom is a personality trait comprising seven components: self-reflection, pro-social behaviors, emotional regulation, acceptance of diverse perspectives, decisiveness, social advising, and spirituality. r+W`G7^"NLi1 vp~F1{X{Xh`p>paXB8N`J`eibtcaPU(dRqE8~AM/"}d&vq3ecs hrzp5 B Webster, J.D. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire is available in multiple languages. Thus, while the 28-item SD-WISE produced better reliability, the 7-item SD-WISE is still acceptably reliable by conventional standards. Wisdom, a potentially modifiable trait, is strongly associated with well-being. The Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Solomon's Paradox: Impact of Mood and Self-Transcendence. University of Chicago. It assesses preferences with regard to understanding ones own thoughts, motivations, and behaviors. Item statistics for the SD-WISE-7 suggested that most items were strong indicators of wisdom. Palmer, Barton W. Concurrent validity, demographic, convergent validity correlations. The researchers found that SD-WISE successfully measured five of the six targeted domains, and made effective distinctions between individuals' differing degrees of wisdom. "coreDisableSocialShare": false, 0000004781 00000 n Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A. Bowden, E.M. & Jung-Beeman, M. (2003b). Can Seven Questions Determine How Wise You Are? - UC San Diego Health The emotional regulation component measures the ability to regulate negative emotions that interfere with decision making. Original written by Scott LaFee. Our group created the 24-item San Diego Wisdom scale (Thomas et al., Reference Thomas2019a) that assesses six components of wisdom. Moreover, the scales have not been psychometrically linked. As the empirical data regarding wisdom have grown, several measures have been used to assess an individual's level of wisdom. The cognitive neuroscience of insight. As with subscale item analyses, the threshold parameters are generally well-spaced, suggesting broad coverage of trait levels (i.e., people at mostly all levels of wisdom are expected to be measured with similar precision). Staudinger, U.M. Epub 2020 Sep 30. The correlation between 28- and 7-item SD-WISE total scores was 0.92, indicating that the reduced-length scale is an excellent indicator of the original measure. et al., 2020), and sociocultural differences in wisdom using standardized rating scales and appropriate covariates, espe-cially in the oldest-old (Dilip V . It can be quickly administered and scored within five minutes. Using several psychometric analysis techniques, we selected one item from each of the seven SD-WISE subscales. 0000001134 00000 n Lejuez, C.W., Read, J.P., Kahler, C.W., Richards, J.B., Ramsey, S.E., Stuart, G.L., Strong, D.R, & Brown, R.A. (2002). The Jefferson Scale of Empathy was developed by researchers at the Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care at Sidney Kimmel Medical College to measure empathy in physicians and other health professionals (HP/Physician version), medical students (S-version), and health professional students (HPStudent version). Liu, Jinyuan About half (51%) were married or cohabitating. It also assesses ones comfort with decision making. Assessing Workplace Relational Civility (WRC) with a new multidimensional mirror measure. It addresses the degree to which individuals rely on strategies of suppression and reappraisal in regulating their emotions. [link], Spontaneous Theory of Mind Protocol (STOMP) Although response times were not available for the current data, our past research suggests that SD-WISE items take an average of 5.5 seconds to complete. 0000002559 00000 n Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Measuring Wisdom: Existing Approaches, Continuing Challenges, and New Developments. Abbreviated San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE-7) and Jeste-Thomas Wisdom endobj (2011). Reliability analysis for the SD-WISE-7 was = 0.74 which is generally considered acceptable for research purposes, but should be acceptably reliable (Haynes et al., Reference Haynes, Smith and Hunsley2011). Negatively worded items are reverse scored. It assesses ones sense of being able to effectively manage negative emotions and emotional stress and to favor positive feelings. Most notably, the scales assess different subcomponents of wisdom and are based on different theoretical models. Additionally, both measures were negatively correlated with loneliness (UCLA-4), depression (PHQ-2), and anxiety (GAD-2), and positively correlated with mental well-being (MOS-12 Mental), resilience (CD-RISC), happiness (CESD-HS), and social interaction (DSSI). The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to the subject of this study. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 210-216. Jeste, Dilip V. Science, 211(4481), 453-458. A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a Results suggested that this scale successfully measured five of the six targeted domains. Methods, 42(1), 49-57. ", "People consider the mental states of other people to understand their actions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(1), 183-189. Appendices include three problem texts: Suicide Problem, Meaning-of-life Problem, and the Family Problem. The Emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Nonetheless, it does have some limitations. (2005). J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther. The instrument contains four seven-item subscales, each tapping a separate facet of empathy. Slightly more than half of the SD-WISE participants were female. 0000002709 00000 n In a study publishing in International Psychogeriatrics, researchers found that a shortened 7-item version (SD-WISE-7 or Jeste-Thomas Wisdom Index), was comparable and reliable. MSTAT-II is a 13-item measure of ambiguity tolerance based on a definition of ambiguity tolerance as an orientation, ranging from aversion to attraction, toward stimuli that are complex, unfamiliar, and insoluble. et al. Jeste DV, Thomas ML, Liu J, Daly RE, Tu XM, Treichler EBH, Palmer BW, Lee EE. A new scale for assessing wisdom based on common domains and a neurobiological model: The San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) Michael L.Thomasab Katherine J.Bangenab Barton W.Palmerabc Averria Sirkin Martinac Julie A.Avanzinoac Colin A.Deppabc DanielleGloriosoacRebecca E.Dalyac Dilip V.Jesteacd A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. The cognitive neuroscience of insight All of these domains are associated with specific brain regions, including different parts of the PFC, the limbic system and amygdala, and specific neurotransmitters, especially monoamines. 0000003860 00000 n Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine have developed a new tool called the San Diego Wisdom Scale (SD-WISE) to assess an individual's level of wisdom, based upon a conceptualization of wisdom as a trait with a neurobiological as well as psychosocial basis. For ordered categorical response data, widely spaced and balanced (i.e., both positive and negative) threshold parameters are preferred. Participants were administered the SD-WISE along with two existing measures of wisdom that have been shown to have good psychometric properties. 133 0 obj Before [link], Number Reduction Task (2011). Here, we present data from a new ToM task - the Short Story Task (SST) - intended to improve upon many aspects of existing ToM measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126. Wisdom, Loneliness and Your Intestinal Multitude, From San Diego to Italy, Study Suggests Wisdom Can Protect Against Loneliness. [link], Asian Disease Problem Glck, J., Knig, S., Naschenweng, K., Redzanowski, U., Dorner, L., Straer, I. We chose item 5 because it had a larger subscale discrimination parameter, had a shorter word length, and was judged to have better content validity (i.e., a greater focus on belief rather than on religious archetypes). Accessibility The seven component scores are then calculated by averaging the four included items, and an overall wisdom score (JTWI) is calculated by averaging all 28 items. Thus, the new 7-item version of the SD-WISE the SD-WISE-7 measures a single latent factor the putative Wisdom factor underlying the JTWI. Comparing the Psychometric Properties of Two Measures of Wisdom: Predicting Forgiveness and Psychological Well-Being with the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) and the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS). Front Psychiatry. Can Seven Questions Determine How Wise You Are? A majority had some college education. endobj An official website of the United States government. In general, reliability values of 0.7 or greater are considered acceptable (Haynes et al., Reference Haynes, Smith and Hunsley2011). Consideration of other people's perspectives; and 4. Society already has multiple ways to judge people: IQ scores, SAT scores, "likes" and. Published online by Cambridge University Press: 0000002338 00000 n (2017). We evaluated whether such perspective taking is culture dependent. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults, Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study, Cognitive and neural correlates of loneliness and wisdom during emotional bias, The science of wisdom in a polarized world: knowns and unknowns, Attentive Turkers: MTurk participants perform better on online attention checks than do subject pool participants, Use omega rather than Cronbachs alpha for estimating reliability.

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