local religious conflicts

Geographical Location. Kaufman (Reference Kaufman2006, 202) contends, for example, that peacebuilding efforts in the context of ethnic conflicts are problematic because peacebuilding actors view the endeavor through a rationalist lens of interests and institutions, rather than considering the emotional and symbolic processes that influence how tangible issues are perceived and how they play out politically. Figures 3 and 4 summarize the results of our follow-up tribal and religious solutions questions (detailed in the `Data' section), and illustrate how the importance of blame for different levels of government may extend to peacebuilding and solutions.Footnote 12, Figure 3. Why might individuals' perceptions of the local or national-rootedness of the violence be shaped by the identity dimension they most strongly associate with the violence? Congregations in Conflict uses the suburbs of Chicago to examine the nature of American congregations as institutions, looking in particular at how they deal with conflict within their ranks, to gain insight into religious culture. What is a global conflict? Religious Pluralism in Indonesia. Conversely, if affected individuals primarily blame national-level issues and actors, local peacebuilding efforts will be stymied if there is no fundamental political action or change at the national level. It also offers a rich resource for bringing a focus on social organization back into sociological analysis, and it provides participants in religious congregations an important opportunity to reflect upon the purposes, tension, and prospects of religion in the new millennium" John R. Hall, University of California, Davis, "Congregations in Conflict is a model of sociological investigation. "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, If you are interested in the title for your course we can consider offering an examination copy. Religious-political debates around various issues feed the perception that local conflicts that fall along religious fault lines are part of a larger religious and even cosmic struggle (Marshall Reference Marshall2009). Analysis of how perceived cause of conflict (religious versus tribal issues) and religious identity are associated with blame for national and local government. Brian J Miller, Religious Freedom and Local Conflict: Religious Buildings and Zoning Issues in the New York City Region, 19922017, Sociology of Religion, Volume 81, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 462484, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa006. } No matter who you are, what you do, or where you come from, youll feel proud to work Indeed, Boone (Reference Boone2007) highlights how issues of communal land rights and tenure represent larger constitutional and nationally politicized issues in many African states (see also Lund and Boone Reference Lund and Boone2013). In fact, Jerusalem is considered Holy Land to Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Third, security forces deployed by the federal government during states of emergency are accused by locals of taking sides in the conflict and failing to provide effective security (Human Rights Watch 2009). The authors write that additional research is necessary to better understand the relationship between religion and conflict, particularly . lict across the contin 9 World War, when Stalin's government resurrected. To purchase short-term access, please sign in to your personal account above. All rights reserved. Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism? hasContentIssue false, NATIONAL VERSUS LOCAL FACTORS IN ETHNIC CONFLICT, HYPOTHESIZING ETHNICITY, CONFLICT LOCUS, AND SOLUTIONS, TESTING COMPETING PERSPECTIVES: THE JOS CASE. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Government Interventions in Violent Communal Conflicts in Africa. In the 2011 presidential election, violence ensued across northern Nigeria when Goodluck Jonathan, the Christian southern candidate, defeated Muhammadu Buhari, the Northern Muslim candidate (Lewis Reference Lewis2011; Human Rights Watch 2011a). Library Journal, "The research is well done (two appendixes add methodological details). Such conflicts draw on local historical grievances and land pressures as well as larger national political and institutional factors (e.g., Greiner Reference Greiner2013; Ct and Mitchell Reference Ct and Mitchell2015, 1011; Klaus and Mitchell Reference Klaus and Mitchell2015; Boone Reference Boone2017). Christian Century, "Among academic professionals, those interested in contemporary religion, group conflict, and cutting-edge issues in culture and organization will find the book well worth a careful reading. As Elfversson (Reference Elfversson2015, 794) notes, local communal conflict in Africa has to a large extent been analysed as a symptom of state weakness or failure, with the implication that conflict management is primarily an issue of building and strengthening state institutions., Other studies argue that local conditions render some communities more prone to ethnic violence, with grievances stemming from local economic inequalities, lack of access to services, political inequality and competition, and the nature of local institutions (Barron, Kaiser, and Pradhan Reference Barron, Kaiser and Pradhan2009; Fjelde and stby Reference Fjelde and stby2014; Pierskalla and Sacks Reference Pierskalla and Sacks2017; see also Tadjoeddin and Murshed Reference Tadjoeddin and Murshed2007; Stewart Reference Stewart2008). Copyright 2023 Association for the Sociology of Religion. Penny Edgell Becker, Princeton University, New Jersey, The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations, Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century, Folk Religion in a North Yorkshire Fishing Village, Please register or sign in to request access. Congregational models 9. world-class research and are relevant, exciting and inspiring. Many of these domestic conflicts, in turn, become internationalized (Sarkees et al., 2003: 4970; Fearon and Laitin, 2003: 7590). We use local mosque density as a proxy for the strength of local religious institutions. The first asks subjects to identify the cause of similar past conflict in Jos in terms of broad categories that include both ideational and non-ideational dimensions: Which of the following issues do you think is the biggest MAJOR CAUSE of the type of violence described in the article when it occurs in Jos? 7) argues, A thorough reframing of a once-localized conflict over indigene rights into a religious crisis of regional and national dimension has taken place. A common refrain among Christians in Jos is that Plateau state is the last bastion preventing the nefarious forces of Islam from spreading to the majority Christian south. Each local researcher there were an average of three to four per site provided data on value incompatibility among local groups, resource and power differentials, and the level religious infusion. The authors wish to thank Katrina Korb and Danny McCain, professors at the University of Jos for providing vital logistical support as well as local knowledge for the sampling techniques. During Indian riots in 1984, Das (Reference Das and Wilkinson2005) notes the problems arising from the media and scholars mapping on interpretations or confusing narratives, with some accounts blaming the riots on local leaders and mobs, others condemning the state or party elite at the national level, and still others blaming some combination. . 1. Many African and South Asian cases exhibit overlapping ethno-tribalFootnote 1 and ethno-religious identities (Fox Reference Fox2000; Basedau et al. First, the emergence of communal violence in Jos can be traced to specific national government interventions in Jos politics and to the problematic articulation of indigeneity in Nigeria's Constitution. Despite the preceding case for the local rootedness of Jos violence, it is also possible to view the ethnic violence as a product of national political interventions, failures, or perceived favoritism. The paper appendix also contains additional analysis and information of whether identifying Jos South and Jos North as home is important in the federal level blamed. McCauley (Reference McCauley2017a) finds that policy preferences vary depending on how strongly individuals associate with their ethnic versus religious identity, and that a shift in a conflict's identity frame from ethnic (land-based) to religious (rule-based) logics can alter conflict mobilization and patterns. Based on survey data collected in Jos, Nigeriaa site of recurring ethnic violence since 2001this paper argues that attribution to local versus national causes varies depending on whether individuals perceive the violence as religious or tribal. From where did Becker's suburbanites get their metaphors of churches as families, communities, or houses of worship? Associated Press. The Use of Isaiah 28:11-12 in 1 Corinthians 14:21. National-level accounts emphasize the machinations of national or party elite in exacerbating identity cleavages. R. Stephen Warner, University of Illinois at Chicago, "Her dynamic examplesyield profound insights that challenge the prevailing lament about the muddled American religious scene." Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The perceived meddling of subsequent regimes in local government politics has on occasion sparked violence. The number of Christians has grown even faster, soaring almost 70-fold from about 7 million to 470 million. Scholarship on peacebuilding emphasizes the importance of local factors and actors in shaping inter-group conflict and determining the success of peacebuilding efforts (e.g., Saunders Reference Saunders1999, 3948; Gawerc Reference Gawerc2006, 440, 448; Orjuela Reference Orjuela2003, 197), but, as these findings suggest, attention to how ethnicity, identity, and conflict interact will likely shape attitudes toward and the success of such peacebuilding efforts. The inability of the federal government to work effectively with local actors and to make its findings public (i.e., to actually pursue perpetrators) exacerbates local ethnic tensions (Osaretin and Akov Reference Osaretin and Akov2013, 355; Milligan Reference Milligan2013). There are frequent mass killings , and the violence has triggered an . In response, Pope Innocent III declared a crusade, urging Europe's Christians to Iberia's defense. Through a survey conducted in Jos, Nigeriaa major city with significant communal violence that divides groups by overlapping ethno-tribal and ethno-religious identitieswe show that perceptions of the level of governance responsible for local violence tend to be local in nature, however, beliefs about the causes of the conflict lead to significant divergence in these views. Sixth, conflicts often result in international refugee flows. Figure 1 illustrates the difference between those who answered local and national factors were the cause of conflict, with individuals about twice as likely to note local factors, indicating that the contribution of local factors to the conflict are particularly salient for the population. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. This site uses cookies to improve your experience. See Table 5 in the appendix for a more detailed breakdown. 8 Hussites lasted for decades. Further, as Lund and Boone (Reference Lund and Boone2013, 5) explain, jurisdiction of land in African states is embedded in neatly nested systems of jurisdiction, so local actors or customary law may have primary power in the adjudication of land disputes, and breakdowns in local jurisdiction could bear the brunt of the blame for conflict viewed as rooted in ethno-tribal cleavages. 10. This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. You can also search for this author in Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Association for the Sociology of Religion. Its population of 238 million spans thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic and religious groups, the local lives of which have been shaped by regional and global dynamics. Peacebuilding efforts and programs are unlikely to be as effective if they do not take into account or speak to the views of those who are themselves affected by communal conflictwhether as victims or perpetrators (Canetti et al. GOMA, Congo (AP) Fashion designers from several parts of Africa have come together for a show in eastern Congo, hoping to inspire peace and creativity in a region long . Our focus on the mediating effect of local social institutions is an important 1 By religious institutions, we mean both religious organizations and religious norms and values that enable such organizations to function. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Religious freedom in the United States is negotiated in local conflicts arising from proposals from religious groups to municipalities in order to use or alter land and buildings. Just as those who feel the causes of conflict are tribal tend to blame policies at the local level, those who feel solutions should be tribal likewise look to the local level for these solutions. 8. This broader sacralization of politics is a product of religious change in Nigeria since the 1970s with the political mobilization of influential Christian and Muslim religious bodies, particularly the emergence of a politically active Pentecostal-charismatic Christianity (Obadare Reference Obadare2018). Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": true, Whether a respondent indicated religious or tribal solutions is the primary independent variable of this analysis. Sectarian Violence. Setting the Record Straight at Galatia: Paul's Narratio (Gal 1:13-2:14) as Response to the Galatian Conflict. Figure 1. There are five related publicly available data sets on religious conflicts, which have made significant contributions to the research field on religious conflicts. Intra-Religious Conflict. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. It is unclear how individuals in communities affected by ethnic violence perceive national and local contributors to conflict. We explore how the perceived ethnic dimensions of violence (e.g., as tribal or religious) affect whether the violence is perceived as rooted in local or national factors. The following research assistants did invaluable work on this project: Sanni Moses Peter, Abdullahi Yusuf, Abdullahi Salmanu, Abubakar Nabeel Abdulkareem, Bot Polycarp Moses, Bulus Jonathan Charles, Chidozie Diamond Anyalewech, Francis Emmanuel Tsaku, Fariatu Yahuza Ahmad, Ibrahim Musa Nuhu, Salihu Madinatu, Mafeng David Bot, Temitope Olamide Osoba, Omeka Matthew, and Ruqayya Sulaiman Nayaya. Soon thereafter, for the roughly eight centuries of the Mississippian Period (A.D. 800-1600), complex native cultures, organized as chiefdoms, emerged and developed lifeways in response to the particular features of their physical surroundings.Georgia occupies a unique position both geographically and geologically, encompassing the Blue Ridge Mountains as well as two different coastal plains . Among these new conditions is the increasing localization of violent conflict, especially among extra-state forces that are mobilized by ideological and religious passions. Yet, the scholarship on ethnic conflict has not closely considered how affected communities view the role of local versus national actors and issues, or whether and how ethnicity shapes conflict perceptions. Penny Becker provides excellent social science researchon conflict in the church. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Also, communal ethno-tribal or sons of the soil conflicts invoking historical claims to land and belonging are common in a number of countries in Africa and South Asia. Individuals are maimed and killed, not because they are indigenes or Hausa, but because they are Christian or Muslim.. . 14. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981127_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981127_4, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York, eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. The number of randomly sampled structures in each cell increased along with the number of structures in the cell to help account for variation in population density. What is religious globalization? In terms of race, the US ranked first again, with 71 percent seeing serious conflict. Download preview PDF. Although a weak state facilitates instability and subnational violence, if individuals primarily perceive communal violence as rooted in local issues and actors, peacebuilding measures failing to address local dynamics are unlikely to promote peace. France (65%), Italy (64%), Spain (58%), and Germany (56%) followed Taiwan. Thus, if one were to substitute tribal issues for religious issues in Table 1, the coefficients for the tribal issues variable would be the coefficient of the religious issues variable multiplied by 1, with standard errors and p values unaffected (see Tables 7 and 8 in the paper appendix for expanded analysis). "Laments about American religion's supposed decline often proceed by looking where it isn't to be found. UN peacekeepers face new conditions of conflict today, which call for expanded peacekeeping strategies. DV: 1 if cause is national, 0 if local for tribal and religious cause responses. First, they often cross borders and can destabilize an entire region as did the various ethnic and national conflicts in the former Yugoslavia.

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