is endosulfan still used

For more information, call the CDC Information Center at 1-800-232-4636. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Forensic Sci Int. But the possibility remains that as more sites are evaluated, the sites at which endosulfan is found may increase. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. These populations include individuals living in the proximity of sites where endosulfan was produced or sites where endosulfan was disposed of. Researchers studying children from many villages in Kasargod District, Kerala, India, have linked endosulfan exposure to delays in sexual maturity among boys. It poisoned entire populations of useful and necessary insects. It is also known as Benzoepin, Endocel, Parrysulfan, Phaser, and Thiodan. These clinics specialize in recognizing, evaluating, and treating illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. [59][60], The EPA concluded, "[b]ased on environmental fate laboratory studies, terrestrial field dissipation studies, available models, monitoring studies, and published literature, it can be concluded that endosulfan is a very persistent chemical which may stay in the environment for lengthy periods of time, particularly in acid media." She was a part of the delegation with Bhavnagar MP, Rajendra Singh Rana, which submitted a memorandum to the district collector's office to withdraw the NIOH report calling for ban of endosulfan. WASHINGTON The Center for Biological Diversity today praised the Environmental Protection Agencys plan to finally ban endosulfan, a highly toxic pesticide that for decades has threatened rare wildlife species and been linked to severe human health problems. It is not approved for residential use. The FPA eventually banned Endosulfan 35% in 1994. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry It is still used in India, where it has been detected in ponds, rivers, and other bodies of water. It poisoned entire populations of useful and necessary insects. Endosulfan sulfate may be broken down by sunlight. OSHA has not set a legal limit for endosulfan in workplace air. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The Kerala Government banned the use of Endosulfan in 2005. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. [85] In July 2012, the Government asked the Supreme Court to allow use of the pesticide in all states except Kerala and Karnataka, as these states are ready to use it for pest control. This is, however, subject to certain exemptions. "[102][103], Australia banned endosulfan on October 12, 2010,[104][105][106] with a two-year phase-out for stock of endosulfan-containing products. Endosulfan has been used globally as a pesticide since the 1950s to control a variety of insects including whiteflies, aphids, leafhoppers, Colorado potato beetles, and cabbage worms. Endosulfan is a pesticide that was widely used until its recent ban. Due to its unique mode of action, it is useful in resistance management; however, as it is not specific, it can negatively impact populations of beneficial insects. If you drink water containing endosulfan, some will be absorbed into your body through the digestive tract, but we do not know how much. The general trend of total global endosulfan use has increased continuously since the first year when this pesticide was applied. Thanks for reading Scientific American. eCollection 2018 Dec. [83][bettersourceneeded] However some scientists have called this study flawed. 2018 Dec 31;8(2):93-96. doi: 10.14581/jer.18016. [61], In 2009, the committee of scientific experts of the Stockholm Convention concluded, "endosulfan is likely, as a result of long range environmental transport, to lead to significant adverse human health and environmental effects such that global action is warranted. [88], KM Sreekumar and Prathapan KD (2013) of Kerala Agricultural University critically examined the epidemiological studies on health conducted by the Calicut Medical College. In soils, endosulfan sulfate is often the dominating compound. A formal Memorandum of Agreement with . Relative to the control group, the exposed boys had high levels of endosulfan in their bodies, lower levels of testosterone, and delays in reaching sexual maturity. Endosulfan can be released into the air, water, and soil in areas where it is applied as a pesticide. It is one of the most abundant organochlorine pesticides found in the Everglades, Arctic and other remote locations. day) for adults and children, respectively. Endosulfan is highly toxic to terrestrial and aquatic organisms, birds, amphibians and fish, and its use has been documented to poison numerous nontarget species. No epidemiological studies link exposure to endosulfan specifically to cancer in humans, but in vitro assays have shown that endosulfan can promote proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Studies in animals have shown that swallowing endosulfan in contaminated food for long periods of time affects mainly the kidneys. EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0615-0041.1", "Endosulfan Updated Risk Assessments, Notice of Availability, and Solicitation of Usage Information", "Petitions to Revoke All Tolerances Established for Endosulfan; Notice of Availability", "MANA And EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan", "MANA, EPA Agree To Voluntary Plan On Endosulfan", "Registration of endosulfan cancelled in Australia", "Regulator finally acts to ban endosulfan", "Australia refuses to join ban on pesticide", "Taiwan Academics slam end of pesticide ban for U.S. fruit", "Agrotxico endosulfan ser banido no Brasil em 2013; demora criticada", CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, 2009 Environmental Justice Foundation report detailing impacts of Endosulfan, highlighting why it should be banned globally, Resources on Endosulfan, India Environment Portal. How likely is endosulfan to cause cancer? [63], Although classified as a yellow label (highly toxic) pesticide by the Central Insecticides Board, India is one of the largest producers[64] and the largest consumer of endosulfan in the world. Endosulfan is still a widely used insecticide in many countries. [7], An official statement by Makhteshim Agan of North America (MANA) states, "From a scientific standpoint, MANA continues to disagree fundamentally with EPA's conclusions regarding endosulfan and believes that key uses are still eligible for re-registration." [81][82], The Supreme Court passed interim order on May 13, 2011, in a Writ Petition filed by Democratic Youth Federation of India, (DYFI), a youth wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist) in the backdrop of the incidents reported in Kasargode, Kerala, and banned the production, distribution and use of endosulfan in India because the pesticide has debilitating effects on humans and the environment. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies An official website of the United States government. In all these Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Because of these actions and environmental degradation processes, it is likely that exposure to endosulfan to the general population and workers in the United States will decrease. Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. [58] The compound has been shown to be one of the most abundant organochlorine pesticides in the global atmosphere. Endosulfanused largely on vegetables, apples, melons and cotton"poses unacceptable risks" to farm workers and wildlife, EPA officials said. If your doctor finds that you have been exposed to significant amounts of endosulfan, ask whether your children might also be exposed. 4770 Buford Highway cases the evidence was suggestive but not conclusive. It has a distinct odor similar to turpentine. However, the neurotoxicity of endosulfan has not been fully elucidated. of Pesticide Regulation. Watch Your Plastics, Toxic Coal Ash Hits Poor and Minority Communities Hardest. Your doctor might need to ask your state health department to investigate. These ailments included skin irritations, destruction of nerve tissues and reproductive and developmental damage in human beings and animals. In addition to individuals who are occupationally exposed to endosulfan, there are several groups within the general population that have potentially high exposures (higher than background levels). As an organochlorine insecticide, endosulfan has been widely banned or restricted, but it is still largely used in many developing countries. It travels great distances from where it is applied and has been detected in stream sediments and biota nationwide in a study by the U.S. Geological Survey. [54] Evidence of carcinogenicity in animals is mixed.[18]. It is a cream-to-browncolored solid that may appear crystalline or in flakes. The statistical analysis of the medical camp data and primary data of the 2015 Kerala Disability Census,[90] does not indicate a higher prevalence any of the health problems in the endosulfan-sprayed areas adjoining Plantation Corporation of Kerala owned cashew estates, compared to the unsprayed areas in the same Grama Panchayath in Kasaragod and elsewhere in Kerala.[91]. Search, rescue, and salvage efforts were suspended when the endosulfan shipment was discovered, and blood samples from divers at the scene were sent to Malaysia for analysis. United Nations countries are evaluating endosulfan for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention, an international treaty which bans or restricts persistent organic pollutantschemicals that can build up in the environment. Endosulfan is applied to crops by aerial or ground-level foliar spray. It is a cream-to-browncolored solid that may appear crystalline or in flakes. Epub 2009 May 17. "Endosulfan should have been banned years ago. Regulations can be enforced by law. Endosulfan-Induced Prolonged Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. This Public Health Statement summarizes the Division of Toxicology and Human Health Science's findings on endosulfan, tells you about it, the effects of exposure, and describes what you can do to limit that exposure. Phone: 1-800-CDC-INFO 888-232-6348 (TTY) Children who accidentally ate endosulfan or received applications of endosulfan onto the skin to remove lice developed seizures, the same effect seen in adults exposed to high amounts of endosulfan. Endosulfan is a restricted-use pesticide. The total number of NPL sites evaluated for endosulfan is not known. Endosulfan is a restricted-use pesticide and should not be used for residential purposes. 2020 Jan 21;11(2):69. doi: 10.3390/insects11020069. In 2006 the Center reached a settlement agreement that prohibited use of endosulfan and 65 other toxic pesticides in and near core California red-legged frog habitats, and in 2010 won an agreement restricting endosulfan use in habitat for endangered species in the San Francisco Bay Area such as the salt marsh harvest mouse, San Joaquin kit fox, California tiger salamander, San Francisco garter snake, Valley elderberry longhorn beetle and Bay checkerspot butterfly. "[50] Increased incidences of cryptorchidism have been observed in other studies of endosulfan exposed populations. Endosulfan is subject to long-range atmospheric transport, i.e. Endosulfan was strongly recommended to be banned completely by the FPA's technical experts as far back as 20 years ago. [48] A 2009 assessment concluded the endocrine disruption in rats occurs only at endosulfan doses that cause neurotoxicity. Postnatal exposure to endosulfan affects uterine development and fertility. However, neighboring States still used them. In addition, California officials determined that the amounts found in the air near some fields and orchards posed a public health risk to bystanders. Endosulfan is a restricted-use pesticide that is particularly effective against aphids, fruit worms, beetles, leafhoppers, moth larvae, and white flies on a wide variety of crops. Endosulfan is an antiquated, dangerous insecticide used on tomatoes, cotton and other crops that is a pervasive pollutant of waterways and a threat to numerous endangered species. Studies have examined possible associations between maternal exposure to endosulfan and autism, thyroid function, and development of the nervous system in newborn children. (a) Schmidt WF, Hapeman CJ, Fettinger JC, Rice CP, and Bilboulian S. Robert L. Metcalf "Insect Control" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry" Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002. Endosulfan is widely used in most of the plantation crops in India. A shorter version, the ToxFAQsTM, is also available. (a) Grunfeld HT, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Effect of, Relyea RA (2008) A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. [14][18] A number of studies have documented that it acts as an antiandrogen in animals. Later, it was highly toxic to human health and the environment. Animal studies have shown that swallowing endosulfan in contaminated food over long periods affects mainly the kidneys. 2020 Jul 1;511:110855. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110855. How can families reduce the risk of exposure to endosulfan? Uses Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to control insect pests including whiteflies, aphids, leafhoppers, Colorado potato beetles and cabbage worms. Even by May 2018, victims in Muthalamada who had been promised benefits, scientific studies and full-scale surveys to properly assess conditions in the area reported neglect. Previous studies have shown multiple adverse health effects of endosulfan. Birth defects of the male reproductive system, including cryptorchidism, were also more prevalent in the study group. A decision by the UN's review committee is expected next year. Globally, endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine-3-oxide) is a pesticide that is widely used to protect a variety of crops [].The pesticide endosulfan is comprised of two parent isomers, endosulfan and -endosulfan, at a ratio of 7 : 3 [].Both isomers (hereinafter referred to as endosulfans) are highly toxic to fish, aquatic . Levels of endosulfan in drinking water sources are regularly monitored through federal and state government programs. It is sold as a mixture of two different forms of the same chemical (referred to as - and -endosulfan). However, the detection of endosulfan does not necessarily mean that you will suffer adverse health effects. [71][72] The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) welcomed this order, and called it a 'resounding defeat' for the pesticide industry which has been promoting this deadly toxin. Levels of endosulfan residues on food in the U.S. Interim report on endosulfan submitted by expert committee to the Supreme Court of India, Aug 4, 2011, Weeping wombs of Kasaragod Tehelka Magazine, Vol 8, Issue 18, Dated 07 May 2011, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endosulfan&oldid=1161215602, 70 to 100C (158 to 212F; 343 to 373K), 2000: Home and garden use in the United States was terminated by agreement with the, 2007: International steps were taken to restrict the use and trade of endosulfan. The agency's move reverses a decision made in 2002 under the Bush Administration that allowed continued use of endosulfan with some restrictions. The World Health Organization estimated worldwide annual production to be about 9.1 kt in the early 1980s (WHO 1984 ). Endosulfan and its breakdown products can be measured in blood, urine, fat tissue, and breast milk. Endosulfan is a persistent insecticide that is still used in some countries even though it is life-threatening and banned in the agricultural struggle. Regulations and recommendations can be expressed as "not-to-exceed" levels; that is, levels of a toxic substance in air, water, soil, or food that do not exceed a critical value usually based on levels that affect animals; levels are then adjusted to help protect humans. However, reports suggest it is persistent in the soil. How can endosulfan enter and leave my body? Bodur S, zl C, Tl B, Frat M, Chormey DS, Bakrdere S. Environ Monit Assess. Levels of endosulfan in air samples are highly variable depending on location. Endosulfan Final Product Cancellation Order issued ( FR notice, November 10, 2010) EPA is taking action to end the use of the pesticide endosulfan because it can pose unacceptable health risks to farmworkers and wildlife and can persist in the environment. Roberts DM, Dissanayake W, Rezvi Sheriff MH, Eddleston M. J Clin Neurosci. The rate of degradation depends mainly on soil type, pH, microbiological activity, and temperature. Even after the ban of the pesticide, there were reports in 2013 that farms and plantations in Kerala still used Endosulfan. Studies of occupational and environmental exposure of humans did not provide conclusive evidence that endosulfan can cause cancer. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. Endosulfan is a pesticide developed in 1954. Although banned in several western countries by the late 2010s ( Vandenberg et al., 2020 ), endosulfan (ES) is still used in developing countries. People exposed to high levels of endosulfan, either intentionally or in contaminated food, or who were exposed during spraying fields, suffered tremors and seizures and some died. The use of endosulfan is being restricted to certain crops and is scheduled to be canceled for all uses by 2016.. Last year, the EPA launched a review of the economic benefits of endosulfan, which is required before banning a substance under federal pesticides law. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. Endosulfan is not often detected in groundwater. Two months later, California officialswho also were reviewing the risks of endosulfanreported an even higher risk to workers than the EPA reported. Like DDT, endosulfan builds up in the environment and in the bodies of people and wildlife, and it is transported around the world via winds and currents. Levels in air are highly variable depending on location. Federal agencies that develop regulations for toxic substances include the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020 Mar 28;192(4):253. doi: 10.1007/s10661-020-8214-5. Endosulfan has been detected in the urine of exposed people. Several countries still using endosulfan have indicated privately that they want to stop, and are hoping for a ban under the Stockholm Convention. Additionally, monitoring biological samples, using non-invasive techniques such as breast milk sampling, can provide an effective method of observing the elimination of this environmentally persistent organic pollutant from the general population. Knowledge awaits. it can travel long distances from where it is used. Current as of November 2010. The rate of degradation depends mainly on soil type, pH, microbiological activity, and temperature. [14] The US exported more than 140,000 lb of endosulfan from 2001 to 2003, mostly to Latin America,[95] but production and export has since stopped. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm . Interestingly, even after 8 months of endosulfan exposure, we observed increased DNA breaks in reproductive tissues. "Finally," said Kristen Boyles, who handled the lawsuit for the groups, which included United Farm Workers, Pesticide Action Network North America and the Natural Resources Defense Council. This fact sheet is one in a series of summaries about hazardous substances and their health effects. Both - and -endosulfan break down in soil; endosulfan sulfate is more resistant. [49], Some studies have documented that endosulfan can also affect human development. This should prevent any harmful health effects from occurring in people who drink the water or eat fish or seafood that live in the water. [47] It is not known whether endosulfan is a human teratogen (an agent that causes birth defects), though it has significant teratogenic effects in laboratory rats. Endosulfan has been found in human breast milk, which means that mothers can transfer this chemical to their babies by nursing. [57] The pesticide has also been detected in dust from the Sahara Desert collected in the Caribbean after being blown across the Atlantic Ocean. For more information, read about the Centers Pesticides Reduction campaign. Other studies did not find this effect. A study of people in India found that exposure to endosulfan was not associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lindane is banned from crops but continues to be used in prescription shampoos for treating lice. The statement adds, "However, given the fact that the endosulfan market is quite small and the cost of developing and submitting additional data high, we have decided to voluntarily negotiate an agreement with EPA that provides growers with an adequate time frame to find alternatives for the damaging insect pests currently controlled by endosulfan. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. It became a highly controversial agrichemical [2] due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role as an endocrine disruptor. However, participants in the study were also exposed to other pesticides and there was no evidence that the people had significant health problems due to their exposure to the pesticides. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the government site. Akcan R, Hilal A, Daglioglu N, Cekin N, Gulmen MK. In 2011, the seventh meeting of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) placed a global ban on the manufacture and use of Endosulfan. Endosulfan Uses. It has a distinct odor similar to turpentine. 14 Jayakumar, C, ' Status of the Endosulfan Disaster', annex III in Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Report on Monitoring of Endosulfan Residues in the 11 Panchayaths of Kasaragod District, Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram: KSCSTE, 2011). [51][52], A 2007 study by the California Department of Public Health found that women who lived near farm fields sprayed with endosulfan and the related organochloride pesticide dicofol during the first eight weeks of pregnancy are several times more likely to give birth to children with autism. Endosulfan affects the function of the nervous system. Gimnez-Moolhuyzen M, Blom JV, Lorenzo-Mnguez P, Cabello T, Crisol-Martnez E. Insects. The state declared endosulfan a toxic air contaminant in 2008, which triggered efforts to reduce people's exposure. The government will now invoke the provisions of the Insecticides Act, 1968 (a Central act) and write a letter to the Union Government about the ban. The highlight of this report is the farmer exposure study based on analysis of their blood reports for residues of endosulfan and the absence of any residues. The human effects are largely unknown but tests on lab animals have shown that endosulfan is toxic to the nervous system and can damage the kidney, liver and male reproductive organs. The solubility of pesticides in water is . Unfortunately, there are hundreds of more toxic pesticides registered by the EPA and in widespread use that pose unnecessary threats to endangered wildlife and human health and deserve equal scrutiny.. Would you like email updates of new search results? Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. The EPA is cancelling the registration of endosulfan, reversing a 2002 Bush administration decision that allowed continued use with some restrictions. Because of the risks to human health and the environment, "pesticide products containing endosulfan do not meet the standard for registration" under a federal law governing pesticides, EPA officials announced. NIOSH recommends a limit of 0.1 milligram per cubic meter (mg/m3) for endosulfan in workplace air averaged over a 10-hour work day. In this stu 13 May 2011", "Endosulfan: nuevas medidas para la importacin, elaboracin y uso en Argentina. [93] Endosulfan is classified as a "Severe Marine Pollutant" by the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code.[20]. National Library of Medicine [57], The compound breaks down into endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan diol, and endosulfan furan, all of which have structures similar to the parent compound and, according to the EPA, "are also of toxicological concernThe estimated half-lives for the combined toxic residues (endosulfan plus endosulfan sulfate) [range] from roughly 9 months to 6 years." Endosulfan is most commonly used in agriculture as an insecticide and as a wood preservative. 2011: The Supreme Court of India banned manufacture, sale, and use of toxic pesticide endosulfan in India. Endosulfan is a chlorinated insecticide that is chemically similar to DDT, which was banned nearly 40 years ago. Surface water concentrations are highly variable, but are generally highest in water bodies that drain areas of high agricultural use (0.2154 nanograms/liter [ng/L] for -endosulfan). Distribution of endosulfan in the environment. The agency also found the risks for wildlife, particularly fish and birds, were greater than estimated in 2002. It also directed it to set up a medical facility to treat ailments resulting from exposure to Endosulfan. The site is secure. Briefing presspersons after the State Cabinet meeting, Minister for Higher Education V.S. The Ban of Endosulfan. [87] On January 10, 2017, The Supreme Court ordered the State Governments to release the remaining undisbursed payment of compensation quantified (Rupees Five lakhs each) to all the affected persons within three months. Email: Contact CDC-INFO. [92] The Department of Health of the Philippines has temporarily banned the consumption of fish caught in the area. Other studies suggested that direct exposure of children might be associated with blood cancer and altered sexual maturation in boys. Recommendations provide valuable guidelines to protect public health but cannot be enforced by law. [80], The Government of Gujarat had initiated a study in response to the workers' rally in Bhavnagar and representations made by Sishuvihar, an NGO based in Ahmadabad. Endosulfan is applied to crops by aerial or ground-level foliar spray. Traces of endosulfan are found on food crops, but EPA officials say the risks from consuming the residue are low.

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