is bmi categorical or continuous

Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Mattap SM, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Table 1 shows characteristics of the participants included in each of the five cohorts in this study. Machine learning-based individualized survival prediction model for total knee replacement in osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. 2021;2021:5524093. Feldman CH, Xu C, Costenbader KH. Association of pain sensitization and conditioned pain modulation to pain patterns in knee osteoarthritis. 2021;73(9):123642. Yes, if there are 3+ flavors, then it isn't a t-test. Of these 18 outcomes, 17 showed no association with the percentage change in BMI when treated either categorically or continuously. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Griep RH, Fonseca MJM, Melo ECP, Portela LF, Rotenberg L. Nurses of large public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro: socio demographic and work related characteristics. Zhao N, et al. Salis, Z., Gallego, B. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online; 2014. Springer Nature. But obesity means BMI > 30, right? 2021;73(7):94754. Is going from continuous data to categorical always wrong? Whither the ACR20? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). PubMed Central Other patient/clinical variables Age, PSA, year of surgery, and biopsy Gleason score were examined as continuous variables. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Wiese MD, et al. 2014;13:69. Garg S, et al. Whether to use weight or its z-score or percentile? Ultrasound detection of calcinosis and association with ulnar artery occlusion in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Barber CEH, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Impact of psychiatric comorbidity on health care use in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Unlike continuous outcomes, categorical outcomes do not have a default numerical scale. This may be a false negative, because 1) the outcome showed an association with the percentage change in BMI when percentage change in BMI was treated as a continuous variable (Table 2); 2) all the other 3 of 4 outcomes for knee pain showed an association either with a decrease or increase in BMI in the categorical analysis, suggesting likelihood of an association; and 3) other studies showed an association of change in BMI with the development of knee pain due to osteoarthritis [251, 252]. Correspondence to Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3601. The results of the quantile regression showed that, generally, the effects of the variables investigated were greater in the upper quantiles of the BMI distribution. Accordingly, is income specific or continuous? BMJ. The participants with a RMSE value in the top 10% of all RMSE values were determined as having weight cycling and were thus excluded [2] (Fig. 2021;73(2):26674. 2021;75(4):869-875. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Predictors of smoking cessation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in two cohorts: most predictive health care factors. Canadian Guidelines for Body Weight Classification in Adults. Factors predictive of radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(2):1739. 2021;73(5):65865. 2021;73(5):74254. How To Fold A Fitted Sheet With Elastic All Around. Yoshida K, et al. Analysis by categorizing or dichotomizing continuous variables is inadvisable: an example from the natural history of unruptured aneurysms. Twelve is a counting number. '90s space prison escape movie with freezing trap scene. Discrete . Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(12):177783. Check out these R tutorials on using splines or polynomials in linear models or Cox regression models. The healthy profile was obtained from characteristics regarded as protective against overweight, and vice versa for the unhealthy profile. Of these three ways that results differed depending on whether the predictor variable was treated as a continuous or a categorical variable, the first one was a major problem as the conclusions drawn from the continuous and categorical analyses results would be different. Obese: Obesity is a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or higher in adults. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Chang JC, et al. 2004;50(5):147786. 2022;74(1):14250. Beyerlein A. Quantile regression-opportunities and challenges from a users perspective. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24804. Significant results were observed only for the 12 or more years of schooling category, except for overweight in the multinomial model and the 0.5 quantile in the quantile model, where the two categories were not significant. Raud B, et al. Data are from the Estudo da Sade dos Enfermeiros (Brazilian Nurses Health Study). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). May indicate an eating disorder or other underlying illness. 2021;73(3):35563. How can I delete in vim all text from current cursor position line to end of file without using End key? The usual categories of BMI are pretty much worthless for almost anything except statistical analysis, however, for what it's worth. Nikiphorou E, et al. 2021;73(12):17848. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Google Scholar. BMI Category is qualitative or quantitative, Statement from SO: June 5, 2023 Moderator Action, Starting the Prompt Design Site: A New Home in our Stack Exchange Neighborhood. If a GPS displays the correct time, can I trust the calculated position? A short and simple one today. Positive psychological factors and impairment in rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease: do psychopathology and sleep quality explain the linkage? Adapted from: National Institutes of Health (1998) Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. Google Scholar, Salis Z, Sainsbury A. Categorising your data will lead to massive data loss. In such cases, categorization can aid in simplifying the analysis and interpretation of the results. Hitchon CA, et al. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Disruptions in rheumatology care and the rise of telehealth in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in a community practice-based network. A continuous variable may well be numeric or date/time. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Six of these eight outcomes were positively associated with the percentage change in BMI (i.e., both increase and decrease in BMI) when BMI was treated as a continuous variable. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 2011;32(3):43740. Mean BMI among the 2270 nurses studied was 26.2kg/m2, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 30.8% and 20%, respectively. Although it is widely used, categorization of continuous predictor variables [221,222,223,224,225,226,227] or continuous outcome variables [228,229,230,231,232,233,234] is not recommended in research because of several issues: distortion of associations [235]; loss of power and precision [236, 237]; increased probability of biased estimates [237, 238]; type I errors (false positives) [239]; type II errors (false negatives) [240]; and inflated effect sizes (odds ratio) [223, 241]. Use MathJax to format equations. Body mass index (BMI) data are commonly modelled by logistic regression (binary and multinomial) [1, 2] and robust Poisson regression [3, 4] for the purpose of identifying factors associated with overweight/obesity. The modelling strategies evaluated differed mainly in terms of goodness of fit and the ease of interpretation of the parameters, and in most instances they can be used complementarily. 2021;73(10):15117. Clowse MEB, et al. Results: When using the median values of each weight category, similar distributions of BMI groups were found to those obtained from continuous self . Quevedo-Abeledo JC, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(3):30817. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24819. 2021;73(1):5564. 2021;73(9):12439. Riddle DL, et al. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). ZS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Lazzeri G, Giacchi MV, Spinelli A, Pammolli A, Dalmasso P, Nardone P, et al. Modified 2016 American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Criteria, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks-American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy, and the Prevalence of Fibromyalgia. These studies categorized continuous predictor variables such as: change in weight [8]; change in body mass index (BMI) [2]; risk score for mortality [3]; age [3]; appendicular lean mass index [4]; fat mass index [4]; disease activity score [9]; years of use of analgesics [5]; patient global visual analogue scale assessment of disease activity [10]; the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index [10]; glucocorticoid drug dosage [10]; swollen joint count [6]; tender joint count [6]; and alcohol unit consumption per week [7]. 2021;73(2):296304. PubMed Central Soares DA, Barreto SM. Variability in glucocorticoid prescribing for rheumatoid arthritis and the influence of provider preference on long-term use of glucocorticoids. 2021;73(3):34754. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Hunter DJ, et al. 2014;30:34154. 2021;75:75867. Bingham CO 3rd, et al. The 18 outcomes that were in the outcome variable domains of structure were as follows: eight outcomes related to the progression of knee osteoarthritis as assessed by radiography at four years follow up; eight outcomes related to the progression of hip osteoarthritis, also assessed by radiography at four years follow up; one outcome for the incidence of total knee replacement (TKR) over four years; and one outcome for the incidence of total hip replacement (THR) over four years. 2021;73(4):47180. Lanni S, et al. 2012;12:424. Mostly from electronic health records on patient BMI. Quality of care for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from the American College of Rheumatology RISE registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). You will not receive a reply. From their results, they suggested that while a decrease of 5% or more in BMI may protect against overall structural changes in the knee (as assessed by radiography) and may decrease pain in the knee over four years, an increase of 5% or more in BMI may exacerbate medial joint space narrowing (JSN) in the knee and the development of pain in the knee over four years [2]. Foot osteoarthritis frequency and associated factors in a community-based cross-sectional study of White and African American adults. Impact of diabetes mellitus on knee osteoarthritis pain and physical and mental status: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. George MD, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Site-specific mortality in native joint septic arthritis: a national population study. Ohayon MM. Canakinumabs effect against subsequent gout flares and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels: a causal mediation analysis. We performed sensitivity analyses to assess if our conclusions from the results that were obtained in our primary analyses would still hold for different percentage changes in BMI. Risk factors for incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). All participants signed declarations of informed consent. 2021;75:801807. These differences were of three types: 1) for six of these eight outcomes, while the continuous analyses revealed associations in both directions (i.e., a decrease in BMI had one effect, while an increase in BMI had the opposite effect), the categorical analyses showed associations only in one direction of BMI change, not both; 2) for another one of these eight outcomes, the categorical analyses suggested an association with change in BMI, while this association was not shown in the continuous analyses (this is potentially a false positive association); 3) for the last of the eight outcomes, the continuous analyses suggested an association of change in BMI, while this association was not shown in the categorical analyses (this is potentially a false negative association).

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