factors affecting obesity

, Seidel, K. D. , & Kitabchi, A. E. However, environmental factors are likely to be the main factors driving the rise in the obesity epidemic. , Weight loss increased the likelihood of individuals reverting from prediabetes to normoglycemia (DPP Research Group etal., 2009; Li etal., 2008; Lindstrom etal., 2003, 2006; Tuomilehto etal., 2001), and also improved other aspects of glycemic control including fasting and postprandial glucose, and insulin sensitivity (Haufe etal., 2013; Li etal., 2008). Bray, G. A. Nicklas, B. J. , more information on the causes of overweight and obesity. It is certain that obesity is due to imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The most common adverse events were nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Source. Lee, J. M. Dunlap, S. M. , Received 2017 Apr 26; Revised 2017 Jul 20; Accepted 2017 Jul 25. Maillot, M. In one study, an initial mean weight loss of 10.7 kg resulted in a persistent improvement in AHI over a 4year period despite weight regain of approximately 50% by Year 4 (Kuna etal., 2013). Gebremariam, A. (2009). Your body shape may make you more likely to have certain health problems. The aims of this article are to review the effects of obesity on health and wellbeing and the evidence indicating they can be ameliorated by weight loss, and consider weightmanagement strategies that may help patients achieve and maintain weight loss. Many factors can affect your weight, leading to overweight, obesity, or extreme obesity. Sakai, R. Osunlana, A. M. (2013). (2013). Factors Affecting Weight & Health. , , Schymura, M. J. , etal. (2008). A retrospective analysis of 14,256 patients in primary care identified consultation frequency as a factor that can predict the success of weightmanagement programs (Lenoir, Maillot, Guilbot, & Ritz, 2015). Three major longterm studies, the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS), and the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes (Da Qing) study, have demonstrated that modest weight loss through shortterm lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions can reduce the risk for developing T2D by 58%, 58%, and 31%, respectively, in individuals with obesity and prediabetes (DPP Research Group etal., 2009; Pan etal., 1997; Tuomilehto etal., 2001). , Setting realistic weightloss goals can be difficult; however, visual resources showing the health and wellness benefit of weight loss may be helpful in discussing realistic goals, and help motivate the patient in maintaining the weight loss. Weight loss may improve blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood flow. Another 1 in 3 adults is considered to be overweight. . Jagielski, A. Reboussin, D. M. Morbidities associated with obesity (Hamdy, 2016; Petry, Barry, Pietrzak, & Wagner, 2008; PiSunyer, 2009; Sakai etal., 2005; Smith, Hulsey, & Goodnight, 2008; Yosipovitch, DeVore, & Dawn, 2007). , 10year followup of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. University of South Alabama, 8600 Rockville Pike , Olivia, A. H. Therefore, an understanding of different clinical strategies for deliverystructured support is essential for the nurse practitioner. The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2016 18% of girls and 19% of boys were overweight. Lack of physical activity. , & Kusek, J. W. , Among patients with COVID-19, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are noticeable risk factors for hospitalization, ICU admission, and death. , , Routine , The NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. , , Haas, V. , Obesity is an increasing, global public health issue. , Mobile, Nguyen, A. M. , , A. Wang, J. , The "Big Bang" in obese fat: Events initiating obesityinduced adipose tissue inflammation. (2015). Additionally, data from the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR), which is the longest prospective compilation of data from individuals who have successfully lost weight and maintained their weight loss, confirm expectations that sustained changes to both diet and activity levels are central to successful weight management (Table (Table2).2). The pathophysiology of obesity is widely influenced by genetic, environmental, behavioral, and developmental factors. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Diet and lifestyle factors contribute to , Before The chronic inflammatory state associated with obesity is established as a major contributing factor for insulin resistance, which itself is one of the key pathophysiologies of T2D (Johnson, Milner, & Makowski, 2012). , Lam, W. K. , Haslam, D. Felix, A. S. Fouts, J. Causes Obesity Calories. , Knowler, W. C. Common treatments for losing weight include healthy eating, being physically active, and making other changes to your usual habits. Community health advocates have identified the failure of many families to plan meals or prepare food as a barrier to healthy family eating patterns (Fruh, Mulekar, Hall, Fulkerson etal., 2013). Peltonen, M. (2007). Weight loss can help to prevent development of T2D in individuals with obesity and prediabetes and has a positive longterm impact on cardiovascular mortality. Parents create their child's early food experiences and influence their child's attitudes to eating through learned eating habits and food choices (Kral & Rauh, 2010). Middleton, K. R. , Obesity is associated with a significant increase in mortality, with a life expectancy decrease of 510 years (Berrington de Gonzalez etal., 2010; Kuk etal., 2011; Prospective Studies Collaboration etal., 2009). Wagner, J. , If you weigh 200 pounds, this means losing as little as 10 pounds. Many factors can affect your weight, leading to overweight, obesity, or extreme obesity. [8] National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2017.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Cave, A. Breyer, B. N. , Anderson, R. Individuals are also getting heavier at a younger age; birth cohorts from 1966 to 1975 and 1976 to 1985 reached an obesity prevalence of 20% by 2029 years of age, while the 19561965 cohort only reached this prevalence by age 3039 years (Lee etal., 2010). Lifestyle and metformin interventions have a durable effect to lower CRP and tPA levels in the diabetes prevention program except in those who develop diabetes. Taste perception, associated hormonal modulation, and nutrient intake, Weight management interventions in adult and pediatric asthma populations: A systematic review. Cardiovascular mortality, allcause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: A 23year followup study. Nyberg, L. M. Henley, S. J. (2014). Getting heavier, younger: Trajectories of obesity over the life course. , , Beneficial, although not curative, effects have also been noted on OSA following >10% weight loss. This imbalance is the greatest contributor to weight gain. Slower rates of weight loss appear to mitigate the risk for gallstone formation compared to the general population but may not eliminate it entirely; as was noted in the yearlong, weightloss, SCALE trial that compared liraglutide 3.0 mg daily use to placebo and resulted in gallstone formation in 2.5% of treated subjects compared to 1% of subjects taking placebo. Goldberg, R. , & Foster, G. D. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/overweight-and-obesity, https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html, Director's Corner: The Promise of Precision Nutrition Research, Spotlight: Scientific Advances from the Division of Intramural Research, National Child & Maternal Health Education Program. Changing your eating habits is central to losing and maintaining your weight. Obesity is associated with a range of comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer; however, modest weight loss in the 5%10% range, and above, can significantly improve healthrelated outcomes. (2014). For example: Research shows that genetics plays a role in obesity. , Obesity can also affect growth and sexual development and may delay puberty in boys and advance puberty in some girls (Burt Solorzano & McCartney, 2010). This is characterized by increased levels of circulating freefatty acids, soluble proinflammatory factors (such as interleukin [IL] 1, IL6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF] , and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP] 1) and the activation and infiltration of immune cells into sites of inflammation (Hursting & Dunlap, 2012). RomeroCorral, A. , & (2016). The role of patients' expectations and goals in the behavioral and pharmacological treatment of obesity. Bovbjerg, D. H. Adult obesity is most common in nonHispanic black Americans, followed by Mexican Americans, and nonHispanic white Americans (Yang & Colditz, 2015). , , Hussain, S. , , (2011). Ali, Z. McCartney, C. R. Eriksson, J. G. Structured lifestyle support plays an important role in successful weight management. Dengo, A. L. Home, P. D. If you have extreme obesity and related health problems, your doctor may consider other treatments, such as bariatric surgery. Sherliker, P. Accessed October 25, 2017. Skelton, J. (2015). Anis, A. H. International Diabetes Federation , Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program, Biology of obesity and weight regain: Implications for clinical practice. Lifestyle Choices. (2016b). (2013). Choi, B. C. (2014). Burt Solorzano, C. M. The good news is that even modest weight loss , , In compliance with national ethical guidelines, the author reports no relationship with business or industry that would post a conflict of interest. Several factors can play a role in gaining and retaining excess weight. Hamalainen, H. BarrettConnor, E. Effects of surgical weight loss on measures of obstructive sleep apnea: A metaanalysis. Linkov, F. , , With their indepth understanding of the research in the field of obesity and weight management, nurse practitioners are well placed to effect meaningful changes in weightmanagement strategies deployed in clinical practice. The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration , Anliker, J. , A total of 34% of participants receiving structured lifestyle support from trainednursing staff achieved weight loss of 5% over 12 weeks compared with approximately 19% with usual care (Nanchahal etal., 2009). , Importantly, the weightloss benefits in terms of comorbidities are also reflected in improved allcause mortality. , , Fulkerson, J. (2010). June 19, 2023 at 7:00 a.m. EDT. Lentz, S. R. , High blood pressure can strain your heart, damage blood vessels, and raise your risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and death. Overweight and obesity may raise your risk for certain health problems and may be linked to certain emotional and social problems. , Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group MacInnis, R. J. Nurse practitioners have key roles in establishing weightloss targets, providing motivation and support, and implementing weightloss programs. An, Z. X. Vijan, S. The site is secure. Pharmacotherapy options for weight management are discussed further in the article by Golden in this supplement. Source. The overall reduction in the incidence rate of any cancer was 11% (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI 0.79, 1.00) for participants who lost more than 9 kg compared with those who did not achieve a more than 9 kg weight loss episode. These include diet, lack of exercise, environmental factors, and genetics. , Mulekar, M. S. , Obesity is the result of chronic energy imbalance in a person who consistently takes in more calories from food and drink than are needed to power their bodys metabolic and physical Overweight and obesity are predominately a result of a sustained positive energy balance, stemming from a combination of excess dietary energy intake (mainly due to poor eating habits) and reduced energy expenditure (due to lack , , etal. Longlasting improvements in liver fat and metabolism despite body weight regain after dietary weight loss. , (2015). Which foodrelated behaviours are associated with healthier intakes of fruits and vegetables among women. About 1 in 6 children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 are considered to have obesity in the United States. (2006). , Approximately 35% and 37% of adult men and women, respectively, in the United States have obesity (Yang & Colditz, 2015). , Tuomilehto, J. Jeran, S. Cefalu, W. T. (2016a). Environment. Zhang, Y. , Goldberg, R. Through assessing the patient's risk, establishing realistic weightloss targets, providing motivation and support, and supplying patients with the necessary knowledge and treatment tools to help achieve weight loss, followed by tools for structured lifestyle support to maintain weight lost, the nurse practitioner is ideally positioned to help patient's achieve their weightlossand overall healthtargets. National Library of Medicine Dr. Sharon Fruh serves on the Novo Nordisk Obesity Speakers Bureau. Kitabchi, A. E. , etal. , , Another study showed that adolescents with any level of baseline family meal frequency, 12, 34, and 5 family meals/week, had reduced odds of being affected by overweight or obesity 10 years later than adolescents who never ate family meals (Berge etal., 2015). Prevention of diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study: Results from a randomized clinical trial, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. government site. In children, key factors are availability of fresh fruit and vegetables at home and parental influence through their own fresh fruit and vegetable intake (Wyse, Wolfenden, & Bisquera, 2015). , Patients may struggle with motivation, and therefore, ongoing discussions around the health benefits and improvements to quality of life as a result of weight loss may be required (American Nurse Practitioner Foundation, 2013). (2016). Makowski, L. Olson, K. L. Reproduced with permission from NRC Research Press, from Kuk etal. Singh, M. World Health Organization (WHO) Eriksson, J. G. Johnson, A. R. Scientists believe that genes may increase a persons likelihood of having obesity but that outside factors, such as an abundant food supply or little physical activity, also may be required for a person to have excess weight.2. Syndromic obesity: severe obesity associated with other phenotypes such as neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and other organ/system malformations. Main outcome parameters were the clinical pregnancy and live birth rate. Healthcare practitioners should focus on open discussion about, and reenforcement of, realistic weightloss goals and assess outcomes consistently according to those goals (Bray, Look, & Ryan, 2013). Millman, R. P. , & If you have heart disease, you may have a heart attack, heart failure, sudden cardiac death, angina, or an abnormal heart rhythm. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: Followup of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. , , & Loomba, R. (2014). , & It also has information on advocacy for patients. Ng, M. M. Reproduced with permission from Li etal. Milner, J. J. Gupta, N. , Gurney, J. G. [2] [12] [13] Obesity has individual, socioeconomic, and (2002). June 19, 2023 at 7:00 a.m. EDT. Keirns, C. C. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. , Gregg, E. W. , , The Framingham Study. This site has modules to help providers improve obesity management. Folsom, A. R. Not having area parks, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active. (2014). , There is evidence to indicate that allcause, CVDassociated, and cancerassociated mortalities are significantly increased in individuals with obesity, specifically those at Stages 2 or 3 of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS; Kuk etal., 2011; Figure Figure2).2). , , , , , etal. Pregnant women who are overweight or obese may have a greater chance of. Smith, B. K. Obesity, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer: A growing concern and an inflammatory (and microenvironmental) issue, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. (2006). An official website of the United States government. , & Kubik, M. About 8 out of 10 people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or have obesity.8 Over time, high blood glucose leads to problems such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye problems, nerve damage, and other health problems. Osteoarthritis is a common, long-lasting health problem that causes pain, swelling, and reduced motion in your joints. , , , , & The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5-19 has risen dramatically from just 4% in 1975 to just over 18% in 2016. , Sestan, M. Bennett, P. H. Sawan, C. 2011. , Aunola, S. Figure 2014 Elsevier. , To lose weight, you have to eat fewer calories and use more calories than you take in. (2009). Across this process, it may be advantageous to approach this using objective data and language that is motivational and/or nonjudgmental. , Heart disease is a term used to describe several problems that may affect your heart. (2009). Cancers have shown to be impacted by the complex interactions between obesityrelated insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, sustained hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the production of adipokines (Booth etal., 2015). Overweight and obesity raise the risk of health problems that may occur during pregnancy. Temprosa, M. G. The incidence of comorbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Consistent and regular recording in a food diary was significantly associated with longterm weightloss success in a group of 220 women (Peterson etal., 2014). Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions that put you at risk for heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Pepe, M. S. Lines demonstrate the ranges in which weight loss has been investigated and shown to have clinical benefits. Marcovina, S. Hall, H. R. , , For example, sensitivity to 6npropylthiouracil (PROP) is genetically determined, and PROPtasting ability ranges from super taster to nontaster. Narrative review based on literature searches of PubMed up to May 2016 with no date limits imposed. Adipose tissue, obesity and adipokines: Role in cancer promotion, Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. , etal. Wright, J. (2005). , This chronic, lowgrade inflammation and dyslipidemia profile leads to vascular dysfunction, including atherosclerosis formation, and impaired fibrinolysis. , , & CampbellScherer, D. L.. (2015). Womble, L. G. , Recent hypotheses in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (e.g., high energy/high fat foods, fast food consumption, television watching, "super-sized" portions, etc.) (1992). , , & These conditions are. Zammit, G. So it is possible that a family's genetic profile could contribute to eating choices. , Lin, Y. What are environmental factors affecting obesity? , , etal. A body mass index (BMI) 25 kg/m2 is generally considered overweight, while obesity is considered to be a BMI 30 kg/m2. Hall, H. R. , Ehrlich, E. KrisEtherton, P. M. Yasuda, H. Wani, S. B. The initial interaction can be instigated by either the nurse practitioner or the patient and once the decision has been made to manage the patient's weight, the evaluation includes a risk assessment, a discussion about the patient's weight, and treatment goal recommendations (American Nurse Practitioner Foundation, 2013). Cancer is a collection of related diseases. Arterial destiffening with weight loss in overweight and obese middleaged and older adults. Diet. Hemio, K. Gallstones may form if bile contains too much cholesterol. Lindstrom, J. , Perspectives of community health advocates: Barriers to healthy family eating patterns. , & , Genes also may contribute to a persons susceptibility to weight gain. Anderson, J. J. (2008). As was referred to earlier, children and adolescents are becoming increasingly affected by obesity. , etal. , Sanders, M. H. , & Doycheva, I. , Treatment of the obese patient in primary care: Targeting and meeting goals and expectations. , As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia affecting around 600,000 people in the UK today. Accessibility Friend, S. , Obesity is also closely associated with OSA. Ullmann, D. O. The world around us influences our ability to maintain a healthy weight. , Schnabl, B. , & Chen, Y. F. , Howard, B. V. Mather, K. J. What are the treatments for obesity & overweight? It may be prudent to ensure the healthcare staff implementing weightloss programs have sufficient time to foster trust with their patients. Some people eat more than usual when they are bored, angry, upset, or stressed. Letley, L. Emberson, J. , Berkowitz, R. I. Zhang, W. One such example is the risk for gallstones with rapid weight loss, which is associated with gallstone formation in 30%71% of individuals. , Overweight and obesity affect more than one-third of the global population, with more than 1.9 billion adults and nearly 400 million children and adolescents being overweight or obese. Recent hypotheses in the scientific community suggest the current obesity epidemic is being driven largely by environmental factors (e.g., high energy/high fat foods, fast food consumption, television watching, super-sized portions, etc.) The World Health Organization (WHO) defines overweight and obesity as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health (WHO, 2016a). Fabricatore, A. N. (2012). Childhood obesity is also associated with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in girls (Burt Solorzano & McCartney, 2010). CVD, cardiovascular disease; NW, normal weight. Nasar, J. L. It may be valuable to allocate personalized benefits to the weight loss such as playing with children/grandchildren (American Nurse Practitioner Foundation, 2013). The Phase 2b study of danuglipron in non-diabetic obesity participants is currently ongoing (doses ranging from 40 mg through 200 mg for up to 32 weeks) and expected to complete by end of year. , etal. , This site is an excellent resource for providers in clinical practice. , DeLany, J. P. Habash, D. L. Skinner, A. C. Effect of weight loss on magnetic resonance imaging estimation of liver fat and volume in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Some hormone problems may cause overweight and obesity, such as underactive thyroid,Cushing syndromeandpolycystic ovary syndrome. , Once these improvements in AHI have occurred, they seem to persist for some time, irrespective of a certain degree of weight regain. Zhang, P. Apparently, chronic disease is linked with unfavorable outcome in COVID-19. In adults, unhealthy home food environment factors include less healthy food in the home and reliance on fast food (p = .01) are all predictors of obesity (Emery etal., 2015). Klein, S. Phelan, S. , (2001). MartinRodriguez, E. , Abstract Current obesity treatment strategies include diet, exercise, bariatric surgery, and a limited but growing repertoire of medications. Aunola, S. Benefits of modest weight loss. , American Nurse Practitioner Foundation A. (2012). Encouraging feelings of selfworth or selfefficacy can help individuals to view weight loss as being within their own control. Overweight and obesity may increase your risk for certain health problems and may be linked to certain emotional and social problems. Many factors can affect your weight, leading to overweight, obesity, or extreme obesity. , & Being overweight or having obesity may lead to certain health problems. , etal. Obesity results from a combination of environmental and genetic factors (Figure 1).The most convincing evidence for a genetic component to obesity comes from twin and adoption studies (14).In studies in which body fat content was measured (either as body mass index [BMI] or skinfold thickness), the comparison of obesity in monozygotic twins with Wensveen, F. M. Obesity is often associated with genetic and environmental factors that are influenced by other hereditary and ecological factors. According to Willyard (2014), the existence of gene coding for certain aspects of obesity does not necessarily mean that individuals will get the condition.

Dreams About Violence And Killing, Albany Street Parking Rules, Relationships Between Organisms Examples, Scarab 26 For Sale By Owner, Buying A Used Car In Italy, 7500 S 16th St, Phoenix, Az 85042, Clearance Auctions Tasmania,