where was charles v born

The most famous and only public abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the States General of the Netherlands (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated exactly forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication in favour of his son of those territories as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery. Born in Ghent (Belgium) on 24 February 1500. He also arranged for his sister Mary to marry the king of Hungary, his brother Ferdinand to marry the sister of the Hungarian king, and his son Philip to marry the English queen Mary I. He was also the natural candidate of the electors to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed deputies to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. Corrections? Toward the German Protestants, on the other hand, he showed himself conciliatory; in 1541 the Diet of Regensburg granted them major concessions, even if those were later rejected by both the pope and Luther. Britannica does not review the converted text. ", Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535. Charles V borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, in order to repay such loans, he relied on the proto-capitalist economy of the Low Countries and on the flow of precious metal, especially silver, from New Spain and Peru to Spain, which caused widespread inflation. Due to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of Portugal through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (Henry, the Cardinal-King, in 1580), thus establishing the personal union between Spain and Portugal. His claim to the Habsburg throne came from his fathers father, Maximilian I. Maximilian had also been the Holy Roman emperor, a seat to which one was elected. Important events of his reign include the Diet of Worms and the beginning of the Reformation; his defeat of Francis I, which assured Spanish supremacy in Italy (see Italian Wars); wars against Turkey under Sleyman I; the formation of the Schmalkaldic League; the Council of Trent; and the Peace of Augsburg. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending Franciscan, Dominican, and Augustinian friars starting in the mid-1520s. [180] In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was revealed in the twenty-first century to be malaria. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from the Duke of Alba,[57] was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent.[58][59]. Protestantisms growing momentum made it impossible for Charles to prevent the fragmentation of his Catholic empire, and his attempts to unite Europe were further confounded by his enmity with France. Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. He outlawed Luther and issued the Edict of Worms, declaring: You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. His abdications all occurred at the Palace of Coudenberg in the city of Brussels. Born in 1500, Charles inherited a vast empire from his parents. [26][27][28], The fact that the marriages between the Habsburgs and the Trastmaras, originally conceived as a marital alliance against France, would bring the crowns of Castille and Aragon to Maximilian's male line, however, was unexpected. [188] Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His claim to the Habsburg throne came from his fathers father, Maximilian I. Maximilian had also been the Holy Roman emperor, a seat to which one was elected. His parents were Philip the Handsome and Joanna of Castile. Juan Boscn Almogver was a poet who participated with Garcilaso de la Vega in giving naval assistance to the Isle of Rhodes during a Turkish invasion. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire and Barbary pirates. The Crown of Aragon inherited by Charles included the Kingdom of Naples, the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Sardinia. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming. . [16][17][18] The Duchy of Milan and the Habsburg Netherlands were also left in personal union to the King of Spain, although initially also belonging to the Holy Roman Empire. Charles's mother Joanna was a younger daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain from the House of Trastmara. [197][198][199][200] References to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name. Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Spanish cortes in 1504 and 1510. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. With it, he rejected Luthers doctrines and essentially declared war on Protestantism. In the Americas, he oversaw both the continuation of the long-lasting Spanish colonization as well as a short-lived German colonization. There soon developed an emotionally tinged understanding between Charles and his Spanish subjects that was to be steadily deepened during his long rule. Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Corrections? By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. Several German princes or noblemen accompanied him in his military campaigns against France or the Ottomans, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial Landsknechte.[41][42]. As a result, the problem of the succession in Spain became acute, since by the terms of Ferdinands will, Charles was to govern in Aragon and Castile together with his mother (who, however, suffered from a nervous illness and never reigned). Charles was born on February 24, 1500, at Ghent in the Netherlands (now Belgium). By taking up his grandfather Ferdinand of Aragons project of conquering North Africa, Charles endeavoured to undertake by sea what he had not done on land. [156] Ultimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the House of Aviz died out in 1580, resulting in the Iberian Union. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present. The Landsknechte, originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and Georg von Frundsberg, formed the bulk of Charles V's Imperial army. He later sailed to northern Africa to fight the Muslim pirates who raided his coast towns in Spain and Italy. Tired by his long and tumultuous reign, Charles abdicated in 1555 and 1556, dividing his realm between his son Philip and his brother Ferdinand. Prada Museum, Madrid. Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (15001558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean. After years of negotiations, Charles V had come to an agreement with Pope Paul III for the organization of the Council of Trent (1545). "New Laws of 1542" in, Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. It was to be the last time that a Holy Roman emperor was crowned by a pope. Charles V, (born February 24, 1500, Ghent, Flanders [now in Belgium]died September 21, 1558, San Jernimo de Yuste, Spain), Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519-21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Au. With the death of his grandfather Ferdinand 10 years later, Charles gained control of the rest of Spainand of Spains colonies in the New Worldas Charles I. Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime. When Francis declined, Charles invaded Provence in an operation that soon faltered. The important city of Ghent rebelled in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. [15] The same year, Francis I of France, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a war in Italy that lasted until the Battle of Pavia (1525), which led to the French king's temporary imprisonment. After defeating Duke Massimiliano Sforza at the Battle of Marignano in 1515, Francis I of France compelled him, in the Treaty of Noyon, to renounce his claim to the duchy of Milan. Charles V. Regent of the Netherlands from 1506 and 1515; from 1516 as Charles I king of Spain; as Charles V from 1519 at first king, then from 1530 emperor of the Holy Roman Empire until his abdication in 1556. [40], Charles inherited the Austrian hereditary lands in 1519, as Charles I of Austria, and obtained the election as Holy Roman Emperor against the candidacy of the French king. Charles V abdicated as Archduke of Austria in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes elect Ferdinand as King of the Romans, who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. [52] During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. [174], As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. The armies of Sleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottoman Turks, pressed up the Danube River into central Europe. He soon gathered reinforcements, but the changed political situation compelled him to ratify an agreement made between his brother Ferdinand and the rebels, according to which the new Protestant religion was to be granted equal rights with Roman Catholicism. Died: September 21, 1558 . Naples became the main rearguard of the system. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months." Despite this, Charles also styled himself as King of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. He was named in honor of Charles the Bold of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the Burgundian State into a continuous territory. An imperial resolution of Franz Joseph I of Austria, dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the "most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor Emanuel Max Ritter von Wachstein, located at the Museum of Military History, Vienna. [16][48] Charles de Lannoy, Carafa and Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez were the viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively. Charles V[b][c] (24 February 1500 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. His ill health, particularly his decades-long battle with gout, was undeniably a factor in his decision to abdicate. Ultimately, Charles V conceded the Peace of Augsburg and abandoned his multi-national project with a series of abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son Philip II of Spain, and the Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother Ferdinand. [175], Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the House of Habsburg between a Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. ", With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off.[183]. But, even though Philip married Mary in July 1554, the English Parliament emphatically refused to crown him. The age of Charles V. Charles I, who was elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519 upon the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian, aspired to universal monarchy over the far-flung territories he had inherited, from Germany, the Low Countries, Italy, and Spain to the New World. [117][118], He often had to depend on loans from bankers. Thus, the campaign of 154344, inadequately financed, bogged down. [160] Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the Monastery of Yuste in 1557. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists Bernard van Orley and Albrecht Drer and master tapestry-maker Pieter van Aelst, she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the 1542 New Laws. Gradually, the other chief task of his reign also unfolded: the struggle for hegemony in western Europe. "[46] A variant of the quote is attributed to him by Jonathan Swift in his 1726 Gulliver's Travels, but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to Frederick the Great.[47]. [37] A third major influence in Charles's early life was William de Cro, Sieur de Chives, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. After an abortive last campaign against France, he prepared for his abdication, renouncing, in 1555 and 1556, his claims to the Netherlands and Spain in favour of Philip and those to the imperial crown in Ferdinands favour. He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. During his reign he consolidated vast territories in western, central, and southern Europe and brought them under his rule. Charless mother was Joan the Mad, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen of Spain. He was baptized at the Church of Saint John by the Bishop of Tournai: Charles I de Cro and John III of Glymes were his godfathers; Margaret of York and Margaret of Austria his godmothers. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. The new king of France, Henry II, was eagerly awaiting an opportunity to renew the old rivalry between the houses of Valois and Burgundy, while the German princes believed that the moment was at hand to repay Charles for Mhlberg. [53] As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".[54]. At the Augsburg Interim in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. [102] His Garter stall plate survives in Saint George's Chapel. Charles himself had been considering the idea even in his prime. Through the popes intercession, a peace agreement, the Truce of Nice, was concluded in June 1538. Charles was raised in the Netherlands. His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on the neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the long term, it was in general not belligerent.[132]. In 1532 a large army under Charless personal command faced Sleymans forces before the city of Vienna, but the order to give decisive battle was withheld. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the Peace of Augsburg in his name. The spread of Lutheranism led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 15221523 and that of the peasants led by Thomas Muntzer in 15241525. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in Mechelen together with his sisters Mary, Eleanor, and Isabella at the court of his aunt Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. Once the abdication had become a fact, St. Ignatius of Loyola had this to say: The emperor gave a rare example to his successorsin so doing, he proved himself to be a true Christian princemay the Lord in all His goodness now grant the emperor freedom. Charles led a defense of Vienna in 1532. On his arrival in February 1540, Charles revoked Ghents privileges, had 13 leading rebels executed, and gave orders to build a fortified castle. In 1535, he annexed the vacant Duchy of Milan and captured Tunis. Pavia alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by Charles de Lannoy captured Francis and crushed his army in the Battle of Pavia. Between 1522 and 1544, Spanish armies defeated French forces three times before Francis gave up his claim. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, Philip II, and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V abdicated the throne in 1556, apportioning his imperial titles to his brother Ferdinand I and his Dutch and Spanish ones to his son Philip II. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the Fuggers and 4.2 million from the Welsers of Augsburg. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, attempted to implement the measure. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.[157]. France took Milan from the House of Sforza after victory against Switzerland at the Battle of Marignano in 1515. In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included Franche-Comt and, most notably, the Low Countries. [76] Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the Italian Wars. After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. His paternal grandparents were Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy, while his maternal grandparents were Ferdinand II and Isabella I, the Roman Catholic king and queen of Spain. [149] Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of Archduke. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. [44] By 1532, Charles was proficient in Portuguese, and spoke Latin. [71] The Kingdom of Navarre had been invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Yet his sober, rational, and pragmatic thinking again mark him as a man of his age. [103] To gain his freedom, Francis ceded Burgundy to Charles in the Treaty of Madrid, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over Navarre. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 doblas de oro castellanas would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the Alhambra in Granada. In 155556 Charles abdicated his claims to the Netherlands and Spain in favour of his son Philip II and the title of emperor to his brother Ferdinand I, and in 1557 he retired to a monastery in Spain.

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