what is the main religion in eritrea

Eritrea's first two Patriarchs were originally Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the first Patriarch, Abune Phillipos did visit Addis Ababa during joint efforts by the two Churches to explore a possible resolution to a border conflict that had broken out between the two countries in 1998. Only a few of these islands have a permanent population. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom Legal Framework Government Practices Section III. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. International human rights groups raised concerns about the welfare of workers at the mine, but the profitability of the Bisha project sparked a wave of foreign investment in the Eritrean mining sector. W Population World Africa Eastern Africa Eritrea Eritrea Population (LIVE) retrieving data. [20][173] An independent census has yet to be conducted, but the Tigrinya people make up approximately 55% and Tigre people make up approximately 30% of the population. Religious Demography Section II. The Ottomans were eventually driven out in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Author of. The most recent round of local government elections were held in 2010 and 2011. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church is an Oriental Orthodox Church, which is the largest Christian denomination in Ethiopia. Eritrea has nine recognized ethnic groups. Compulsory military service was instituted in 1995. [141] Representatives of the United States and China disputed the report's language and accuracy. President Isaias Afwerki has regularly expressed his disdain for what he refers to as "western-style" democracy. Religious Landscape Study. [154] Independent media have been banned since 2001. In recent times, some buildings have been functionally built, which sometimes can spoil the atmosphere of some cities, but they fit into Asmara as it is such a modern city. Religious Beliefs In Moldvoa - WorldAtlas The upper layers have been highly dissected by deep gorges and river channels, forming small, steep-sided, flat-topped tablelands known as ambas. By 1517, the Ottomans had succeeded in conquering Medri Bahri. [citation needed]. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3,000 m, have a different habitat. The Italian Eritrean cuisine started to be practiced during the colonial times of the Kingdom of Italy, when a large number of Italians moved to Eritrea. ", Pankhurst, Richard K.P. [172], There are nine recognized ethnic groups according to the government of Eritrea. Eritrea's ongoing rights crisis continues to drive Eritreans into exile, including children and youth escaping conscription. When the city became of secondary economical importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to Jeddah. Officially, conscripts, male and female, must serve for 18 months minimum, which includes six months of military training and 12 months during the regular school year to complete their last year of high school. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully constructed of asphalt (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major cities and towns in Eritrea. [202] Coffee (Ge'ez bn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. Patriarch Antonios also appealed his case to the Council of the Monasteries of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and to the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Dorcas gazelle are common on the coastal plains and in Gash-Barka. [64][65] The state was later reconquered by the Ethiopian Emperor Zara Yaqob and renamed the Medri Bahri ("Sea land" in Tigrinya, although it included some areas such as Shire in Ethiopia on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia). Debre Libanos, the second oldest monastery, was said to have been founded in the late fifth or early sixth century. [21][22] It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. [194] Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, but is still high. [142], All Eritreans aged between 18 and 40 years must complete a mandatory national service, which includes military service. Unlawful, Abusive Detentions Mass roundups and prolonged arbitrary arrests and detentions without trial or appeal remain common. In 2009, International Christian Concern said that over 3,000 Christians were being held prisoner in Eritrea, and alleged a December 2009 mass arrest of 30 mostly elderly women who were praying together in a house. Islam is the state religion in the country and Islamic sharia governs the country's legal system. The Eritrean Defence Forces are now the official armed forces of the State of Eritrea. They occupy the territories between Gash River and Barentu. In 1995, two new eparchies, Barentu and Keren, were established in Eritrea, and the Latin Church apostolic vicariate was abolished. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum) was a trading empire centered in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. [171] Eritrea has never conducted an official government census. [237] Ghirmay Ghebreslassie became the first Eritrean to win a gold medal at a World Championships in Athletics for his country when he took the marathon at the 2015 World Championships. The reign of Abune Yacob as Patriarch of Eritrea was very brief as he died not long after his enthronement, and he was succeeded by Abune Antonios as 3rd Patriarch of Eritrea. The Rashaida are a group of Arabic-speaking nomads who traverse the northern hills. Typically the tertiary ones are improved earth roads that occasionally are paved. [191] Malaria and tuberculosis are common. Demographics of Eritrea - Wikipedia About one-half of Eritreas population is Christian, with members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church accounting for some two-fifths. She has been identified as among the oldest hominid fossils found to date that reveal significant stages in the evolution of humans and to represent a possible link between the earlier Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted autocephaly by Pope Joseph II of Alexandria, head of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in 1950. In December 2001, a herd of approximately 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The city shows off most early twentieth-century architectural styles. The national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the African continent,[221] with the men's team ranked 16th in the world as of February 2023. Nine different languages are spoken by the nine recognised ethnic groups, the most widely spoken language being Tigrinya, the others being Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen and Arabic. Eritrea's relations with Ethiopia turned from that of cautious mutual tolerance, following the 30-year war for Eritrean independence, to a deadly rivalry that led to the outbreak of hostilities from May 1998 to June 2000 that claimed approximately 70,000 lives from both sides. Following the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1993, the newly independent Eritrean government appealed to Pope Shenouda III of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria for Eritrean Orthodox autocephaly. Eritrea may be split into three ecoregions. Many detainees, including government officials and journalists. In 1839, Saint Justin de Jacobis arrived in the country as Prefect Apostolic of Ethiopia, in charge therefore of a Latin Church jurisdiction. Among the livestock raised are sheep, cattle, goats, and camels. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. The bulk of the people in the Eritrean highlands are Tigray. This Ona urban culture is believed to have been among the oldest pastoral and agricultural communities in East Africa. Section I. Barriers to education in Eritrea include traditional taboos, school fees (for registration and materials), and the opportunity costs of low-income households.[198]. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600km2 (45,406sqmi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. They brought the use of pasta to Italian Eritrea, and it is one of the main foods eaten in present-day Asmara. [239], "Erythrea" redirects here. One of oldest monasteries in the country Debre Sina dates back to the 4th century, it is one of the oldests monasteries in Africa and the world. It is an observing member of the Arab League alongside Brazil, Venezuela, and Turkey. [23] In medieval times much of Eritrea fell under the Medri Bahri kingdom, with a smaller region being part of Hamasien. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage cycling event, was first held in 1946 and most recently held in 2013. There are also a few curious architects visiting the country. Islam displaced other creeds in the lowlands of the Horn, and it remains the faith of about one-half of the Eritrean population, including nearly all the people inhabiting the eastern coast and the western plain of Eritrea, as well as the northernmost part of the plateau. Massawa was also the stage for the 1541 landing of troops by Cristvo da Gama in the military campaign that would eventually defeat the Adal Sultanate in the final battle of Wayna Daga in 1543.[71]. The railway linking Agordat and Asmara with the port of Massawa had been inoperative since 1978 except for an approximately 5 kilometre stretch that was reopened in Massawa in 1994. On the southern part of the coastal region live Afar nomads. In these sessions they answered questions as fundamental as, "What are human rights? [88] In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). After the fall of Dmt in the fifth century BC, the plateau came to be dominated by smaller successor kingdoms. [208][209][210][211][212][213] Asmara, a small town in the nineteenth century, started to grow quickly during 1889. This requirement was implemented after Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia, as a means to protect Eritrea's sovereignty, to instill national pride, and to create a disciplined populace. Eritrea is located in East Africa. No new religious institutions were officially registered, and thus only four religious communities remain legally permitted to operate: the Coptic Orthodox Church of Eritrea, Sunni Islam, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Evangelical Church of Eritrea, a Lutheran-affiliated denomination. Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons. (17 January 2003), Denison, Edward; Ren, Guang Yu and Gebremedhin, Naigzy (2003). A typical traditional Eritrean dish consists of injera accompanied by a spicy stew, which frequently includes beef, chicken, lamb, or fish. Eritreas land is highly variegated. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just-conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement EXECUTIVE SUMMARY To the east the plateau drops abruptly into a coastal plain. Many Ethiopian priests were attracted to his sanctity and his teaching, thus giving rise to what became in 1930 the Ethiopic Catholic Church, when, in view of its continual growth, an ordinariate for the Ethiopic Rite faithful of Eritrea, entrusted to an Eritrean bishop, was established. Today, the term refers to all Evangelical Protestant denominations and organisations in Ethiopian and Eritrean societies. [135] Human rights violations are allegedly often committed by the government or on behalf of the government. Eritrea (/rtri., -tre-/ (listen)),[13][14][15] officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. The Eritrea Institute of Technology is the main local institute of higher studies in science, engineering, and education. Top Secret Memorandum of 1949-03-05, written with the UN Third Session in view, from Mr. Rusk to the Secretary of State. Running on a north-south axis through the middle of the country are the central highlands, a narrow strip of country some 6,500 feet (2,000 metres) above sea level that represents the northern reaches of the Ethiopian Plateau. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888,[81] and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. Ethiopian Culture - Religion Cultural Atlas Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. [146] In Regional Assemblies and religious circles, Eritreans themselves speak out continuously against the use of female circumcision. The Kingdom of Aksum, which overlapped with what is now Eritrea, was the first African Christian country in the world having officially adopted Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century and Christianity is the oldest world religion practiced in the country. Inhabiting the northernmost part of the Eritrean plateau, as well as lowlands to the east and west, are the Tigre people. There are no reliable figures on religious affiliation. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. Eritrea's team was represented by their flagbearer Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda who competed as alpine skier. Contemporary Eritrea is a multi-ethnic country with nine recognised ethnic groups. ", "Press Freedom Index 2017 Reporters Without Borders", "World Report Eritrea Reporters Without Borders", "Sub-Saharan Africa censors Mideast protests", Number of Jailed Journalists Hits Record High, Advocacy Group Says, "Eritrea Economic Outlook African Development Bank", "Mining in Eritrea: could a new potash project spur sustainable growth? Cycling has a long tradition in Eritrea and was first introduced during the colonial period.[219][220]. The Fiat Tagliero Building shows almost the height of futurism, just as it was becoming fashionable in Italy. Puff adder and red spitting cobra are widespread and may be found even in the highlands. [119], The undemarcated border with Ethiopia is the primary external issue currently facing Eritrea. [131], Eritrea is a one-party state in which national legislative elections have been repeatedly postponed. As of 2009, worker remittances from abroad were estimated to account for 32% of gross domestic product.[14]. The country forms a single diocese that is named as the Diocese of Chiinu. The Bisha gold mine in western Eritrea began operation in 2011 as a joint venture between a private Canadian-based company and the Eritrean government. The Tigrinya are Eritrea's largest ethnic group, accounting for approximately 50 percent of the country's population. [238] Eritrea made its Winter Olympic debut 25 February 2018, when they competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea 2018. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid, coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. Estimates of the Christian share of the population range from 47% and 43%, while estimates of the Muslim share of the population range from 37% to 57%. [132], A prominent group of fifteen Eritreans, called the G-15, including three cabinet members, were arrested in September 2001 after publishing an open letter to the government and President Isaias Afewerki calling for democratic dialogue. [158] After independence, a rebuilding effort commenced, and the first rebuilt section was reopened in 2003. Protestants in Eritrea number about 91,232, which represents 2% of the population. In the north of Eritrea the highlands narrow and then end in a system of hills, where erosion has cut down to the basement rock. [230] In 2015, Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Critrium du Dauphin. [citation needed]. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor MenelekII (r.18891913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.[80]. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. If that's not enough, click over to our collection of world maps and flags. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, however, and they were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. The Pew Foundation in 2016 estimated the population to be 63 percent Christian and 37 percent Muslim. Originally located in the village of Ham, it was moved to an inaccessible location on the edge of a cliff below the Ham plateau. [66] With its capital at Debarwa,[67] the state's main provinces were Hamasien, Serae, and Akele Guzai. As of 2009, the section from Massawa to Asmara was fully rebuilt and available for service. The Afarswho also live across the borders in Djibouti and Ethiopiaare known to surrounding peoples as the Danakil, after the region that they inhabit. In a written response that was widely published the Patriarch rejected the grounds of his dismissal, questioned the legitimacy of the synod, and excommunicated two signatories to the 13 January letter, including Yoftahe Dimetros, whom the Patriarch identified as being responsible for the church's recent upheavals. These provinces were similar to the nine provinces operating during the colonial period. Besides convergent culinary tastes, Eritreans share an appreciation for similar music and lyrics, jewelry and fragrances, and tapestry and fabrics, as many other populations in the region.[203]. [108] In Gash-Barka, snakes such as saw-scaled viper are common. Eritrea has several species of mammals and a rich avifauna of 560 species of birds.[103]. Corrections? [29] The name persisted over the course of subsequent British and Ethiopian occupation, and was reaffirmed by the 1993 independence referendum and 1997 constitution. Mauri, Arnaldo (2004), "Eritrea's Early Stages in Monetary and Banking Development", This page was last edited on 27 June 2023, at 18:20. Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report | Freedom House Overview Eritrea is a militarized authoritarian state that has not held a national election since independence from Ethiopia in 1993. The Eritrean Religion - Eritrea Ministry Of Information [30], Madam Buya is the name of a fossil found at an archaeological site in Eritrea by Italian anthropologists. June 2, 2022 Download [125 KB] Translations In this section / Executive Summary Executive Summary Section I. The Kurds and Turkmen are predominantly Sunni Muslims, but Iran's Arabs are both Sunni and Shii. [115][143][144], In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives in 2006 participated in many public meetings and dialogues. [21][22], The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. In 1993, after a war of independence that lasted nearly three decades, Eritrea became a sovereign country. Class sizes average 63 and 97 students per classroom at the elementary and secondary school levels, respectively. A generation of war damaged Eritreas modest manufacturing sector, which appeared during the Italian colonial period and provided many Eritrean workers with skills that later enabled them to find work abroad. The distribution of rainfall and vegetation types varies markedly throughout the country. [194] The fertility rate is about 4.1 births per woman. These areas are further divided into 58 districts. Prior to Eritreas secession from Ethiopia in 1993, about half the population of Eritrea belonged to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, including nearly all the Tigrinya. Freedom of speech, press, assembly, and association are limited. [114] National service enlistment times may be extended during times of "national crisis"; since 1998, everyone under the age of 50 is enlisted in national service for an indefinite period until released, which may depend on the arbitrary decision of a commander. The environment is a determining factor in the distribution of Eritreas population. Religion in Eritrea - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second century AD. [178] Also, native Eritreans assimilated the language of the Italian Eritreans and spoke a version of Italian mixed with many Tigrinya words: Eritrean Italian. Agriculture is by far the most important sector of the countrys economy, providing a livelihood for about four-fifths of the population and accounting for a large portion of Eritreas exports. However, he was forced to abandon the race the next day, as he accidentally fired the cork of a Prosecco bottle into his own eye. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. Given that the full implementation of the Joint Declaration of Peace and Friendship between Eritrea and Ethiopia is still incomplete, the Eritrean authorities still do not consider that the peace agreement is formally implemented. Principal imports include food, machinery, road vehicles, and chemicals and chemical products. She is the oldest skeletal find of her kind and provides a link between earlier hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. In 2020, the IMF estimated Eritrea's GDP at $2.1 billion, or $6.4 billion on a PPP basis. The boundaries of these new regions are based on water catchment basins. Significant trade partners include China, India, and Saudi Arabia. [136] During the Eritrean independence struggle and 1998 Eritrean-Ethiopian War, many atrocities were committed by the Ethiopian authorities against unarmed Eritrean civilians. The Tekez River (also known as the Satit) is a major tributary of the Atbara River, which eventually joins the Nile. Eritrea's ethnic groups each have their own styles of music and accompanying dances. Religious Freedom Conditions in Eritrea | USCIRF The Eritrean constitution, ratified in 1997, provides for an elected National Assembly. [citation needed]. [200] It is currently not in operation. Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics Since May 2002, the Eritrean government has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Catholic Church, the Evangelical Lutheran church, and Islam. Art Deco influences are found throughout the city. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy. Following his election, Afwerki consolidated his control of the Eritrean government." Both of these rivers flow northward into a marshy area on the eastern coast of Sudan and do not reach the Red Sea. The Eritrea Institute of Technology "EIT" is a technological institute located near the town Himbrti, Mai Nefhi outside Asmara. This fascist period was characterized by imperial expansion in the name of a "new Roman Empire". Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. In 1941, Eritrea had approximately 760,000 inhabitants, including 70,000 Italians. [42][43][44] It was known for producing and exporting gold, aromatic resins, blackwood, ebony, ivory, and wild animals. 18 April Eritrea won independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a 30-year war, but has been plagued by repression at home and tense relations with its neighbours. A popular Eritrean artist is the Tigrinya singer Helen Meles, who is noted for her powerful voice and wide singing range. Settlement patterns Ethiopia: Urban-rural The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries. [182] The U.S. Department of State estimated that, as of 2011[update], 50% of the population of Eritrea adhered to Christianity, 48% followed Islam, and 2% observed other religions, including traditional faiths and animism.

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