what are people from niger called

a contemptuous term used to refer to a black person. Niger's new constitution was approved on 31 October 2010. [40][41] From its heartland around the later Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of Mansa Musa (r. The Nigerien Society has been used to describe the long history of the several ethnic groups that lived in a single state. Negus (Ge'ez: , ng IPA: [ngu]; Amharic: nigs; cf. [22] Nigeria is composed of various ethnic groups and cultures and the term Nigerian refers to a citizenship-based civic nationality. Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. This makes it less than twice the size of France, and the world's 21st largest country.[89]. [20], Between the Niger River and Lake Chad lay Hausa Kingdoms, encompassing the cultural-linguistic area known as Hausaland which straddles what later became the Niger-Nigeria border. The attack took place two days before newly elected president Mohamed Bazoum was due to be sworn into office. It is a charter member of the African Union and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Niger is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[104]. Nigerians or the Nigerian people are citizens of Nigeria or people with ancestry from Nigeria. Niger has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie since 1970. [citation needed] At this point parts of what are now Niger's Tillabri Region fell under Malian rule. A Demonym is an adjective that is used to refer to a person from a particular place or nation. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the Zarma and Songhai dominated the Niger River valley in the southwest; the northern periphery of Hausaland, made mostly of those states which had resisted the Sokoto Caliphate, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the Lake Chad basin and Kaouar in the far east, populated by Kanuri farmers and Toubou pastoralists who had once been part of the KanemBornu Empire; and the Tuareg nomads of the Ar Mountains and the Sahara in the vast north. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups. [20] Tuareg resistance continued, culminating in the Kaocen revolt of 191617, led by Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen, with backing from the Senussi in Fezzan; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan where he was later killed. The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghs in the Ar Mountains at 2,022m (6,634ft). Tuareg expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the KanemBornu Empire in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively Berber practices. The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and export of raw materials, including uranium ore. Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. Wank then withdrew from governmental affairs.[39]. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (19441960). Islam, widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by Niamey and the Zarma people of the surrounding region. Environmental issues include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure, illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation. The adoption of the constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a presidential system, the suspension of the 1999 Constitution, and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. As a result of this, France gained control of the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the present territory of Mali and Niger). [83] French and American forces are assisting Niger in countering these threats. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. The Voulet-Chanoine Mission was "marred by atrocities", and "became notorious" for pillaging, looting, raping and killing local civilians on its passage throughout southern Niger. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level. The Gurewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the National Geographic. [24] Agriculture spread, including the planting of millet and sorghum, and pottery production. [60] The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. [108][109][110], As in most West African countries, Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups. U.S. Department of State. [63] The 1960s saw an expansion of the education system and some limited economic development and industrialisation. The seven original Hausa states (also referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: Daura (state of queen Daurama), Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina and Biram. [39] The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990. The terrain is predominantly desert plains and sand dunes, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of . Religious persecution has flared in recent years in Niger; Christian charity Open Doors now lists Niger as the 37th most difficult country in which to be a Christian on their World Watch List, 'reflecting how pressure is increasing on Christians in this [] nation. In the English language, negro is a term historically used to denote persons considered to be of Black African heritage. He was called up to the Niger national football team, that played at the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations and 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. On 24 July 2004, municipal elections were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. [39] General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the presidential election on 10 December 1989. [20][39] The borders of Niger were drawn up in stages and had been fixed at their later position by the 1930s. [25], Media related to People of Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons, This article is about the people of Nigeria. French is the official language of Niger alongside ten other languages. Each of these communities, along with smaller ethnic groups like the pastoral Wodaabe Fula, brought their own cultural traditions to the new state of Niger. wrightq00 4 yr. ago knee-jer-yin mrrichardson2304 4 yr. ago Oh, okay. Lt. Paul Joalland, Klobb's former officer, and Lt. [85] No candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: Mohamed Bazoum came closest with 39.33%. As per the constitution, a run-off election was held on 20 February 2021, with Bazoum taking 55.75% of the vote and opposition candidate (and former president) Mahamane Ousmane taking 44.25%, according to the electoral commission. It borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697 kilometres (3,540mi). Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and Guinea and within Niger are cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger Riverwhich has a direct effect upon the environment. [19] The pronunciation is the French one of /nir/, while in Anglophone media /nadr/ is also used. In 1515 Ar was conquered by Songhai, remaining a part of that empire until its collapse in 1591. Since most countries around the world use their country name with an additional suffix en or -an to refer to its people, Niger is not an exception. The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia Lt Island in the Niger River, was solved by the International Court of Justice in 2005 to Niger's advantage. By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had "deteriorated", leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by Seyni Oumarou following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly. [53] A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. Mark D. DeLancey, Rebecca Neh Mbuh. [69], The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. Ibrahim Bar Manassara led a coup that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. With such a diverse population, one would wonder how the people from Niger are collectively referred to. These include the Hausa-speaking Maouri (or Azna, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in Dogondoutci in the south-southwest and the Kanuri speaking Manga near Zinder, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa Maguzawa religion. [3], The other two main religions of Niger are Christianity, practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism (traditional indigenous religious beliefs), practiced by 0.2% of the population. 13121337). [37][38] This mobility which would continue in waves for centuries was accompanied with further migration to the south and intermixing between sub-Saharan African and North African populations, and the spread of Islam. In 1897 the French officer Marius Gabriel Cazemajou was sent to Niger; he reached the Sultanate of Damagaram in 1898 and stayed in Zinder at the court of Sultan Amadou Kouran Dagahe was later killed as Daga feared he would ally with the Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. [39], In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to extend his presidency, which was opposed by other political parties, and went against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. [132][135][136] Socit de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), Niger's water authority, opened ten boreholes and built a water treatment plant in 2018 to provide potable water to Tra and the surrounding areas. [44], In c.1449 in the north of what is now Niger, the Sultanate of Ar was founded by Sultan Ilisawan, based in Agadez. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. [39] The economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by some Nigeriens. [105], A 2005 study[which?] Since independence, Nigeriens have lived under 5 constitutions and 3 periods of military rule. After winning the election in November 1999, President Tandja Mamadou was sworn into office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. The hotter and drier climate with desert area causes more frequent fires in some regions. The colloquial names for echinacea ( coneflower) are "Kansas niggerhead" and "Wild niggerhead". Scarecrow Press, 2010. p. 283. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcFadyen2008 (, "EXCLUSIVE: As Benin Republic clocks 53: Over 6m Nigerians live in former Dahomey, 200 in jails but Amb Obisakin says 'Nigeria is a power here, there's no doubt about it', "Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth and citizenship: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts", "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination", "Bevlkerung nach Staatsangehrigkeit und Geburtsland", "Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection", "Innvandrere og norskfdte med innvandrerforeldre - Tabeller - SSB", "History Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerians&oldid=1159749410, This page was last edited on 12 June 2023, at 09:02. [27] Southern Nigeria historically held several powerful states, including the Benin Empire and Oyo Empire, Ife Confederacy and several other Yoruba states. Niger's armed forces have a long history of military cooperation with France and the United States. [120] These small groups, linked to similar groups in Jos, Nigeria, came to public prominence in the 1990s during a series of religious riots.[121][122]. [39] The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. [25] Although there are cultural divisions amongst Nigerians, the English language is commonly used as their primary language. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year. [25] Even during periods of military rule, such military governments were pressured to maintain democratic stances by the Nigerian people. Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media. [44][47], Circa 173040 a group of Kanuri settlers led by Mallam Yunus left Kanem and founded the Sultanate of Damagaram, centred on the town of Zinder. [143], Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local authorities. A black or blackish sea cucumber, Holothuria forskali, common off rocky shores on the west coast of Britain and Ireland. The events generated political and social unrest.[39]. Read the aformentioned article in order to find out. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism. As of 2017, the country has a population of approximately 20.6 million people compared to only 2.4 million in 1950. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, who later married Baron Frederick Lugard, a British colonial administrator. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%,[139] including 36% of males and only 25% of females. [39] Meanwhile, trouble re-emerged in Agadez Region when a group of armed Tuaregs attacked the town of Tchintabaraden (seen by some as the start of the first Tuareg Rebellion), prompting a military crackdown which led to deaths (the precise numbers are disputed, with estimates ranging from 70 to up to 1,000). The country obtained its name from the Niger River, one of the main rivers of West Africa, extending about 2,600 miles. [117], A small center of followers of Salafi movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in Maradi. [39] In 1985 a Tuareg revolt in Tchintabaraden was suppressed. But no one under 12 can come into the museum by themselves, and we discourage parents from . [39] Links with France remained, with Diori allowing the development of French-led uranium mining in Arlit and supporting France in the Algerian War. A constitutional referendum and national elections were held. [29], In the large cities of Nigeria, there is a substantial intermingling of Nigerians with foreigners, especially Europeans, Lebanese, and Indians. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. [40][42] The empire began "declining" in the 15th century due to a combination of internecine strife over the royal succession, weak kings, the shift of European trade routes to the coast, and rebellions in the empire's periphery by Mossi, Wolof, Tuareg and Songhai peoples.

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