how many stukas are left

[64], In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. [23] The tanks also had a predetermined limit which, if passed, would warn the pilot via a red warning light in the cockpit. Whitehall was later badly damaged and along with Ivanhoe, staggered back to Dover. Junkers records give 5,126 aircraft delivered to the Luftwaffe. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war. The machine was also fitted with dive brakes for dive testing. Fliegerkorps was equipped with units Stab, II. [64] The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers, and ultimately, models were used in the film to represent Stukas. [89] On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on Molins de Rei. General der Schlachtflieger[de] ("General of Ground Attack"[82]) Ernst Kupfer decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value". The entry of the Americans into North Africa with the Operation Torch invasion of French North Africa made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. [65] The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the Henschel Hs 129 B-3, both designs using the large, 7.5 cm Pak 40-based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5cm (2.95in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. . By 1945 ground-attack versions of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 had largely replaced the Ju 87, but it remained in service until the end of the war in 1945. It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C-1. The Dutch Navy in concert with the British were evacuating the Dutch Royal Family and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. The plane revolutionized military aviation and military warfare with blitzkrieg tactics of fast, aggressive dive-bombing to support the quick advancement of German ground troops, and the Museum's Stuka is displayed in a steep dive. [34] By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938, but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940.[48]. They launched the first strikes of World War II and claimed the first air-to-air kill when a . The merchant ship Fenella (2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. Black Swan fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot down any of her attackers. Designed by Hermann Pohlmann, it first flew in 1935. The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin, albeit only for three months. In 1967, permission was given to use the aircraft in the film Battle of Britain and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87. [65] The two 37mm (1.46in) Bordkanone BK 3,7 cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition. Another answer is that technically, the Stuka is not a very interesting airframe. [72], On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary Staffel was created. [26] The dive brakes were activated automatically, the pilot set the trim tabs, reduced his throttle and closed the coolant flaps. [17] Immediately after this incident, Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest. from 2 other wrecks. The two 7.92mm MG17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20mm MG151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role. Targets included ships at sea, the Thames Estuary, the Chatham naval dockyard and Dover and night-bomber sorties made over the Channel. SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2 Immelmann, which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations. The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC 500kg (1,100lb) bomb and four SC 50kg (110lb) bombs under the fuselage. Other aircraft survive as wreckage recovered from crash sites: Ju 87 wreck, Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum (2008), Deutsches Technikmuseum, with a veteran gunner speaking of his combat in North Africa, The Ju 87 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum, Greece, Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era. The rare plane was eventually obtained by the Deutsches Technikmuseum (German Museum of Technology) in Berlin in 1997. The Ju 87s delivered six and three damaging near-misses but the ship's engines were untouched and she reached the besieged harbour of Malta. The force, consisting of the cruisers HMSDido, Orion and Ajax, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships. Mitchell hid under the stairs of her house. After more than three seconds, half the subjects passed out. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced with the new Nachtrevi ("Night revi") C12N. [63] Various production problems were encountered. As a result of the Luftwaffe's attention, the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed. Background By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of Operation Barbarossa to decisively defeat the Soviet Union in a single campaign, the Wehrmacht had captured vast expanses of territory, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic republics. [71], Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. First flown on 20 June 1943. How many Stukas are left? The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. [159], Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted Army Group Centre in its drive toward Moscow. (St)/LG1, operating from Norway, lost 24 Ju 87s, all in aerial combat. It had destroyed 2,401 vehicles, 234 tanks, 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action. As many as 74 Stukas took part in first wave of the bombing of Belgrade. Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations. The Luftwaffe fielded 336 Stukas at the onset of World War II and lost only 31 in the Polish campaign. A further container of 20-litre (5.3USgal) was positioned under the engine. When the United States Army occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945, they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87. On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT-115 and cargo ship Taganrog at Samos. [19], These problems were to be resolved by installing the DB 600 engine, but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 D inverted V-12 engine. Oberst G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the Messerschmitt Me 410. [157] On 23 September, Rudel (who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht) of StG 2, helped sink the Soviet battleship Marat, during an air attack on Kronstadt harbour near Leningrad, which was struck by two 1,000kg (2,200lb) bombs. [135] Before the Luftwaffe could intervene, the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes. 89 B-1s were to be built at Junkers' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937. [96] The torpedo boat Mazur (412 tons) was sunk at Oksywie; the gunboat General Haller (441 tons) was sunk in Hel Harbour on 6 Septemberduring the Battle of Helalong with the minesweeper Mewa (183 tons) and its sister ships Czapla and Jaskolka with several auxiliaries. Ore, E. H. Moore, and others. From this point onward, Stuka losses increased. Udet failed to consider this, so in a dive, the engine oversped and the propeller broke away. tuka ( Esox lucius) je riba iz porodice Esocidae. The Dodecanese Islands had been occupied by the British; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in Megara (I./StG 3) and Argos (II.StG 3; from 17 October on Rhodes), to recover the islands. It had a fixed undercarriage and could carry a two-person crew. Shot down in April 1942 on a mission to bomb Murmansk,[194] it was recovered in 1992. They assisted in the breakthrough at Sedan, the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The armour reduced its performance and caused the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2". The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted gull wings and fixed spatted undercarriage. [101], On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy Oscarsborg Fortress, after the loss of the German cruiser Blcher, which disrupted the amphibious landings in Oslo through Oslofjord. Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted ram-air sirens known as Jericho trumpets[de], which became a propaganda symbol of German air power and of the so-called Blitzkrieg victories of 19391942, as well as providing Stuka pilots with audible feedback as to speed. [139], During the Battle of Crete, the Ju 87s also played a significant role. Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed. The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser HMSFiji that morning, (she was later finished off by Bf 109 fighter bombers) while sinking the destroyer HMSGreyhound with one hit. The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti-aircraft gun positions as the level bombers struck civilian targets. Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit, which increased speed of repair. (St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. Stuka, German in full Sturzkampfflugzeug ("dive-bomber"), a low-wing, single-engine monoplaneespecially the Junkers JU 87 dive-bomberused by the German Luftwaffe from 1937 to 1945, with especially telling effect during the first half of World War . The centre section had a large negative dihedral (anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. How many Stukas are left? Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit. Thread starter Treez; Start date Dec 26, 2007; Prev. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be built, increasing to 90 thereafter. How many Stukas were shot down? While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack Brest Fortress, Oberleutnant Karl Fhring of StG 77 was shot down by an I-153. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. [78], Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment. Instead, the Germans relied on paratroops transported by Junkers Ju 52s and specialised ski troops. The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping. The two 37 mm cannons are mounted in external gunpods under each wing. [134] In 1939, the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s. Reminiscent of the early years, the Luftwaffe was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed. [49] Due to an increase in overall weight by 700kg (1,500lb), the Ju 87 R-2 was 30km/h (19mph) slower than the Ju 87 B-1 and had a lower service ceiling. The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage. Another one is currently being restored (created?) [61], The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2 ft) longer than previous variants. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. In the next few days, two groups - 80 Stukas - were deployed under X. Fliegerkorps. [52] On 12 May, the V11 also flew for the first time. Bison's forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew. [165] The Stukawaffe strength stood at 151. The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings. The main, and what was to be the most distinctive, feature of the Ju 87 was its double-spar inverted gull wings. [55], Despite the Stuka's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development, as there was no replacement aircraft in sight. [2], After the Nazis came to power, the design was given priority. The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of 5,300kg (11,700lb) and a speed of 133km/h (83mph) on departure. Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500kg (1,100lb) in the B-version to 1,800kg (4,000lb) in the D-version (max. The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in ten days. [98] During the Siege of Warsaw and the Battle of Modlin, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. de Zeng, H.L., D.G. The Slovaks could provide 3,5004,000 workers, but no technical personnel. The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities, a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design,[33] with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Gring. This represented a 150-round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A-0. [30] Above 6g, 50% of pilots suffered visual problems, or greyout. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from Republic P-47 Thunderbolts of the USAAF IX Tactical Air Command. Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939. Not all Eastern Front Stukas were tank-busters. and III./StG 1 targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at Dirschau (now Tczew, Poland. How many Stukas left in the world ? On 29 December 1941, the Soviet 44th Army landed on the Kerch Peninsula. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. [79], The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. [83] On 26 October, Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. [62] The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5 standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes. 1426 Flight RAF (the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at RAE Farnborough. Employed in this assault were 50kg (110lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Neither is flyable, though when the 1969 film Battle of Britain was in production, plans were laid to restore the Hendon Ju-87 to flight for use in the movie. As a result, the Stukas suffered heavily. [32] During tests with the Ju 87 A-2, new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g. The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this research. [153] The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. The C-1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner. [87] During the Catalonia Offensive in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the FuG 7 radio. [117] By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged. 870406, is on display at the. [16] That same day, Charles Lindbergh was visiting Ernst Heinkel, so Heinkel could communicate with Udet only by telephone. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940. In the winter 1943/44, the Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Several problems became evidentthe spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. As expected, the Luftwaffe soon pulled its Ju 87s frontline service. (AP2012 . [59], The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87 D was raised to 800L (of which 780L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300L drop tanks. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the early stages of the battle. You need a lot of air to carry out a dive-bombing attack. During the trials with the K 47 in 1932, double vertical stabilisers were introduced to give the rear gunner a better field of fire. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the Luftwaffe's Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War of 19361939 and served the Axis in World War II from beginning to end (19391945). [24], The wing was the most unusual feature. The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing centre section where the fuel tanks were located. a feature pioneered by the 191617 origin, Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" wartime video, vision impairment in the form of a grey veil, huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks, armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition, Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany, German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled, "Kennzeichen ab 1939 - Verbandskennzeichen", "Odnaleziono wrak bombowca sprzed 71 lat. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750L (200US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500L (130US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas. By 15 December 1939, 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made. In August 1935, the German Ministry of Aviation submitted its requirements for an unarmed, three-seat, high-speed bomber with a payload of 800-1,000 kg (1,800-2,200 lb). [26] The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the Vistula, that linked Eastern Germany to the Danzig corridor and East Prussia as well as Polish Pomerania. (Image source: German Federal Archive) The Ju 87 first fought in Spain. These attacks were resumed the following winter.[129][131]. As a result, the German naval operation failed. It consisted of a single centre section and two outer sections installed using four universal joints. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican Polikarpov I-15 pilot, Francisco Alfrez Jimnez, claimed it destroyed near El Vendrell, in Comarruga, but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. It was found that the arresting gear winch was too weak and had to be replaced. Neither is flyable, though when the 1969 film Battle of Britain was in production, plans were laid to restore the Hendon Ju-87 to flight for use in the movie. How many bombs did a Stuka carry? [21], The fuselage had an oval cross-section and housed, in most examples, a Junkers Jumo 211 water-cooled inverted V-12 engine. The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of Eduard Dietl. [136], In March, the pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled. [115], The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Helmut Mahlke later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87's recovery pattern and height, making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft. This was used to measure height. Though sturdy, accurate, and very effective against ground targets, the Stuka was, like many other dive bombers of the period, vulnerable to fighter aircraft. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Troop trains were also easy targets. It's got nothing to do with the regime that produced the aircraft. [105], The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. Za njemakog bombardera pogledajte Junkers Ju 87. [58], The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat. The Jumo 211P engine was installed in some cases. StG 77 destroyed one such target at Radomsko. [101], Operation Weserbung began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Post-war research revealed that generally, bombing pilots were far less effective than they claimed. The Stukawaffe flew 300 sorties against French positions, with StG 77 alone flying 201 individual missions. It proved to be the Stuka's final victory against the British. The main construction material was duralumin, and the external coverings were made of duralumin sheeting. In 1998, the film modifications were removed, and the aircraft returned to the original G-2 configuration. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping Red Army columns, for the loss of one Ju 87. [96], The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. [7], Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. These Were The 10 Best Planes Of WW2 The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 units. Gring ordered this checked. [173] Despite these losses, Ju 87s helped the XXIX Army Corps break out of an encirclement near the Sea of Azov. To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250kg (550lb) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel. [129], Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87 groups began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for Operation Barbarossa. The range was recorded as 715km (444mi) at ground level and 835km (519mi) at 5,000m (16,000ft). The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. [32], The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. [144] In 1941, Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the Siege of Tobruk, which lasted for over seven months. The aircraft was given a good evaluation and "exhibited very good flying characteristics". Like other ground attack aircraft, the Ju 87 G is heavily . The French Channel-steamer Cte d'Arzur (3,047) followed. The heavy bomb was swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release. In late 1935, Junkers suggested fitting a DB 600 inverted V-12 engine, with the final variant to be equipped with the Jumo 210. Only two intact Stukas remainone in the Chicago Museum of Industry and the second in the RAF Museum at Hendon. [70], The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a Junkers Jumo 211J, and two 37mm (1.5in) cannons were added. Afridi, which had taken off some of Bison's survivors, was sunk in a later attack with the loss of 63 sailors. Jaguar and Verity were badly damaged while the trawlers Calvi and Polly Johnson (363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. [86], Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the Condor Legion, and as part of other German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental Staffel of the Legion's fighter wing. The town fell in the first week of May. The Stukas also crippled the battleship Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya and the destroyers Silnyy and Grozyashchiy in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down. Later versions of the T-34 tank could withstand Stuka attacks in general, unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed. The Ju 87's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942, when 15 Ju 87Ds were shot down by United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Curtiss P-40Fs in minutes. After the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe deployed Stuka units in the Balkans Campaign, the African and the Mediterranean theatres and in the early stages of the Eastern Front war, where it was used for general ground support, as an effective specialised anti-tank aircraft and in an anti-shipping role. The R-4 differed from the R-2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. Adding the necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. [97] During the Battle of Radom six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. [120] I have seen the Stuka in the Sinsheim museum in Germany that was recovered from the Mediterranean , it was displayed unrestored. 1117. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification Friend or Foe). [15], On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM. [74][75] NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in Albania from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers. It was able to withstand diving speeds of 600km/h (370mph) and a maximum level speed of 340km/h (210mph) near ground level, and a flying weight of 4,300kg (9,500lb). The intense air attack, though causing horrific losses on Soviet units, failed to destroy them. When Walther Wever and Robert Ritter von Greim were invited to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jterbog artillery range, it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber. Ima vretenasto tijelo i veliki je grabeljivac. These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to Germany in October 1938. [83] Post-war, the Stukas were old-hat and nobody cared about them. Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen's hopes, although the machine's speed was increased to 280km/h (170mph) at ground level and 290km/h (180mph) at 1,250m (4,100ft), while maintaining its good handling ability. The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear, limiting the "throw" of the control column. Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below 350km/h (220mph) was unacceptable for those reasons. The Ju 87 repair facility at the Wels aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links. Image 2 of 2. Moreover, Victor reported to the Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet, Admiral Charles Forbes, that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions.

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