anti cynicism definition

The examples above demonstrate the unique confluence of humor, fearless truth telling, and political subversion which distinguishes the Cynic way of living. But if you go on, its knowing you carry your scars with you. (Inman, Cold Mountain). Published in, Kathy L. Gaca, "Early Stoic Eros: The Sexual Ethics of Zeno and Chrysippus and their Evaluation of the Greek Erotic Tradition". Cynicism (pronounced SIN-niss-ism) is a dark attitude toward the world, especially toward human beings. 85, 87; Epictetus. The conventional polis is not just rejected but replaced. Navia, Luis E. Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study. One story, preserved in Diogenes Laertius, tells of Zeno of Citium reading a copy of Xenophons Memorabilia in a bookshop while shipwrecked in Athens. WebCynicism (pronounced SIN-niss-ism) is a dark attitude toward the world, especially toward human beings. Published in, This page was last edited on 11 June 2023, at 23:51. Think of a way that you habitually seek validation, be it for your looks, your cleverness in school, or your material prosperity. The original cynicism was a philosophical movement likely founded by Antisthenes, a student of Socrates, and popularized by Diogenes of Sinope around the fifth century B.C. The ancient cynic, by contrast, is happynot because she thinks the outside world is perfect (it obviously is not) but because she chooses to focus on the integrity of her interior world, over which she has control. [citation needed]. [18], None of this meant that a Cynic would retreat from society. If Antisthenes was not the first Cynic by name, then the origin of the appellation falls to Diogenes of Sinope, an individual well known for dog-like behavior. "[24], Various philosophers, such as the Pythagoreans, had advocated simple living in the centuries preceding the Cynics. Make a plan to ignore this need completely. In addition, they take a dim view of others (in this case its viewing them as dumb. When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. In this particular line, hes making fun of the other Guardians even as he decides to join them. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Webanticynicism. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. Webcynicism. Though they often suggest that they have discovered the quickest, and perhaps surest, path to the virtuous life, they recognize the difficulty of this route. The ancient cynics strove to live by a set of principles characterized by mindfulness, detachment from worldly cravings, the radical equality of all people, and healthy living. 15, vi. 23; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14. Such behaviour only bred cynicism This does not mean, however, that there is nothing about which a person ought to feel shame. Bunch of jackasses, standing in a circle. (Rocket Raccoon, Guardians of the Galaxy). Philosophers who believe in cynicism are Cynics. not trusting or respecting the goodness of other people and their actions, but believing that people are interested only in themselves: Listening to politicians for too A number of other English words have a canine history as well: harass can be traced to a word in Middle French (harer) meaning to set a dog on; sarcasm comes from a Greek word (sarkazein) which means to tear flesh like dogs; and even the word for a completely different animal, the canary, comes from a word for dog (the explanation for this seeming incongruity is that the bird comes from the Canary Islands, the name of which comes from the Latin for dog islands, Canariae insulae). However, cosmopolitanism can be fully understood within its Cynic context if it is taken as more than an oxymoron or a pithy retort: Asked where he came from, [Diogenes of Sinope] said, I am a citizen of the world [kosmopolits] (Diogenes Laertius, Book 6, Chapter 63). As such, the Cynics advocate asksis, or practice, over theory as the means to free oneself from convention, promote self-sufficiency, and live in accord with nature. The primacy of ethics, the sufficiency of virtue for happiness, the cultivation of indifference to external affairs, the definition of virtue as living in accord with nature, and the importance placed on asksis, all mark the shared terrain between the Cynics and the Stoics. This captures the crux of the Cynic notion of living in accord with nature and contrary to convention. [40] (The phrase "defacing the currency" later became proverbial in describing Diogenes' rejection of conventional values. [citation needed], Cynics were often recognized in the ancient world by their apparelan old cloak and a staff. According to the first explanation, the term Cynic would, then, derive from the place in which the movements founder worshipped, exercised, and, most importantly, lectured. [4][5], Cynicism can appear more active in depression. The authors explain this pattern by noting that cynics are more likely to forgo valuable opportunities for cooperation and consequently less likely to reap the benefits of joint efforts and mutual help. In other words, being a misanthrope is costly. The modern cynic rejects things out of hand (This is stupid), while the ancient cynic simply withholds judgment (This may be right or wrong). Goulet-Caz, Marie-Odile and Richard Goulet, eds. [80], Many of the ascetic practices of Cynicism may have been adopted by early Christians, and Christians often employed the same rhetorical methods as the Cynics. In order to live the Cynic life, one had to be inured to the various physical hardships entailed by such freedom. a cynical remark. The major figures within Cynicism form the pivotal points within a lineage traced from Antisthenes, Socrates companion and a major interlocutor in the Socratic dialogues of Xenophon (see especially his Memorabilia and Symposium), through his student, Diogenes of Sinope, to Diogenes pupil Crates, and from Crates to both Hipparchia of Maronea, the first known woman Cynic philosopher, and Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. As a school of thought, Cynicism ends in the sixth century CE, but its legacy continues in both philosophy and literature. 2023. John Spacey, October 26, 2021. "[64] The most notable representative of Cynicism in the 1st century CE was Demetrius, whom Seneca praised as "a man of consummate wisdom, though he himself denied it, constant to the principles which he professed, of an eloquence worthy to deal with the mightiest subjects. A quiz to (peak/peek/pique) your interest. Learn a new word every day. House is another classic example of a cynic. [55] Crates' later fame (apart from his unconventional lifestyle) lies in the fact that he became the teacher of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. This discipline promises to strengthen your will and help you adopt routines that improve your happiness. By Frederick Baxter. [2] Diogenes took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. Their primary interests are ethical, but they conceive of ethics more as a way of living than as a doctrine in need of explication. Only once one has freed oneself from the strictures that impede an ethical life can one be said to be truly free. if more and more people out there are willing to kill themselves in order to kill us, we've got to give the poor and, When "Roots" premiered on the ABC network in 1977, my generation of black academics and activists was, It was fear of the Other, the poor, the dyingor to evoke a word with biblical authoritythe pestilential. Diogenes of Sinope fervently rejects nomos, or convention, by showing the arbitrary and frequently amusing nature of Athenian social, religious, and political mores and trampling the authority of religious and political leaders. Relying on the worldespecially on getting approval from the worldmakes equanimity and true freedom impossible. In classical philosophy, cynicism has a completely different meaning, almost the opposite of what it means today! Accessed 28 Jun. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. [1] A cynic may have a general lack of faith or hope in people motivated by ambition, desire, greed, gratification, materialism, goals, and opinions that a cynic perceives as vain, unobtainable, or ultimately meaningless. Conventions are not inherently bad; however, for the Cynic, conventions are often absurd and worthy of ridicule. Social conventions, however, can hinder the good life by compromising freedom and setting up a code of conduct that is opposed to nature and reason. Instead, freedom is advocated in three related forms: eleutheria, freedom or liberty, autarkeia, self-sufficiency, and parrhsia, freedom of speech or frankness. Often these come in the form of dark comedy from a cynical character who sees all the tragic events unfold but isnt too emotionally affected by them. Dark comedy is making light of things that arent funny, like death, disease, war, and terrorism. Nature offers the clearest indication of how to live the good life, which is characterized by reason, self-sufficiency, and freedom. JAMIL ZAKI: Yeah, theres lots of correlational evidence about the role of cynicism and anti-cynicism in workplaces, so theres tons of data at this point, decades of He is also a talented musician, and the show often humanizes him by showing him alone at the piano. It is important to note that Diogenes does not say that he is apolis, that is, without a polis; he claims allegiance to the kosmos, or the universe. noun 1. the attitude or beliefs of a cynic 2. a cynical action, remark, idea, etc Collins English Dictionary. What you have lost will not be returned to you. in Spanish | in French | in Italian | English synonyms | English Usage | Conjugator | in context | images. In other words, that smirking 25-year-old is at elevated risk of turning into a depressed 44-year-old. At another point, Alexander pronounces his rank to Diogenes of Sinope by saying, I am Alexander the Great King. Diogenes responds with his own rank, I am Diogenes the Cynic, which is to say Diogenes the Dog (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 60). "[23] This modern definition of cynicism is in marked contrast to the ancient philosophy, which emphasized "virtue and moral freedom in liberation from desire. ( initial capital letter) any of the This can be as obvious as thinking, I am better than someone else because I was born in this country, or as subtle as feeling slightly superior to a colleague because of my academic affiliation. But theres also a more existential choice on the table: a choice between optimism and, Somebody Somewhere carries forward the legacy of small but mighty predecessors like Schitts Creek while staying firmly rooted in the real, and is as sure a bet as there is amid a streaming landscape saturated with, Theres no denying Charlie Kaufmans influence on Asters worldview, crossed with the navel-spelunking, Pomona College political scientist Sara Sadhwani said Proposition 30 creates a dilemma for many California voters, pitting support for transitioning to a clean energy economy against, Focus on vivid descriptions of Jacks squalid apartment and his moral conflict and, The length of Hanks tenure can be measured by the depth of his, Post the Definition of cynicism to Facebook, Share the Definition of cynicism on Twitter, Palter, Dissemble, and Other Words for Lying, Skunk, Bayou, and Other Words with Native American Origins, Words For Things You Didn't Know Have Names, Vol. WebAdd to word list. 2. Though nothing unquestionably links Antisthenes or any other Cynic to the Cynosarges, Antisthenes was a nothos and the temple was used for worshipping Hercules, the ultimate Cynic hero. Their conception of freedom has some shared aspects with other ancient schools; the notion of autonomy which derives from the imperative that reason rule over the passions is found in the ethics of multiple Classical and Hellenistic thinkers. [29] Thus, the very act of carrying a staff was slightly taboo itself. In the 2nd century CE, Lucian, whilst pouring scorn on the Cynic philosopher Peregrinus Proteus,[66] nevertheless praised his own Cynic teacher, Demonax, in a dialogue. 285 BC) is the third figure who dominates Cynic history. The Cynics clearly privilege freedom, but not merely in a personal sense as a kind of negative liberty. "[11], In a 1996 paper, J. N. Cappella and K. H. Jamieson claimed that "healthy skepticism may have given way to corrosive cynicism". Scholars writing in 2015 found that, even after correcting for gender, education, and age, the least cynical people saw an average monthly increase in income of about $300 over nine years. And then, when we see that cynical characters can be successful, respected, and honorable, we become a little more at home with our own dark sides. cism si-n-si-zm. Classical Cynics followed this philosophy to the extent of neglecting everything not furthering their perfection of virtue and attainment of happiness, thus, the title of Cynic, derived from the Greek word (meaning "dog") because they allegedly neglected society, hygiene, family, money, etc., in a manner reminiscent of dogs. We cannot clear our mind of confusion and obfuscation until we stop anesthetizing ourselves, whether it be with drugs and alcohol or idle distractions from real life. In 1991, researchers studying middle-aged men found that a cynical outlook significantly increased the odds of death from both cancer and heart diseasepossibly because the cynics consumed more alcohol and tobacco than the non-cynics. Refuse to accept your craving for the high opinions of others. The colorfulness of the Cynic way of life presents certain problems. Sentiments about other institutions in society follow similar patterns. The second line rejects those sentiments and responds with a biting one-liner. Although there was never an official Cynic doctrine, the fundamental principles of Cynicism can be summarized as follows:[10][11][12], Thus a Cynic has no property and rejects all conventional values of money, fame, power and reputation. Such asksis leads the Cynic to live in poverty, embrace hardship and toil, and permits the Cynic to speak freely about the silly, and often vicious, way life is lived by his or her contemporaries. Cynicism. Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/cynicism. Instead of assuming that everyone and everything sucks, we should all live like the ancient Greek cynics, who rebelled against convention in a search for truth and enlightenment. Since 1964, the percentage of Americans who say they trust the government to do what is right just about always or most of the time has fallen 53 points, from 77 to 24 percent. [46] There are many anecdotes about his extreme asceticism (sleeping in a tub),[47] his shameless behaviour (eating raw meat),[48] and his criticism of conventional society ("bad people obey their lusts as servants obey their masters"),[49] and although it is impossible to tell which of these stories are true, they do illustrate the broad character of the man, including an ethical seriousness. Seeing ourselves as better or worse than others sets us against one another and makes love and friendship difficult, which is self-destructive. Cynical characters are often a source of comic relief in dramas. Nobody. (Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye). The modern cynic is miserable because he is enchained to the outside world, which oppresses him because it is corrupt. One such example is the following: When he was sunning himself in the Craneum, Alexander came and stood over him and said, Ask of me any boon you like. To which he replied, Stand out of my light (Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 6, Chapter 28). Some people feel cynicism when politicians make big promises. First, Antisthenes is said to have taught in the Cynosarges, which is a Greek word that might mean White Dog, Quick Dog, or even Dogs Meat. Christian writers would often praise Cynic poverty,[84] although they scorned Cynic shamelessness, Augustine stating that they had, "in violation of the modest instincts of men, boastfully proclaimed their unclean and shameless opinion, worthy indeed of dogs. As such, the Cynic is freed to live according to nature and not according to the laws and conventions of the polis. The tradition records the tenets of Cynicism via their lives. The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 400 BC. It makes you less healthy, less happy, less successful, and less respected by others. The Cynics consistently undermine the most hallowed principles of Athenian culture, but they do so for the sake of replacing them with those in accord with reason, nature, and virtue. Cynicism (Ancient Greek: ) is a school of thought of ancient Greek philosophy as practiced by the Cynics (Ancient Greek: ; Latin: Cynici). Modern cynicism has been defined as an attitude of distrust toward claimed ethical and social values and a rejection of the need to be socially involved. However, with the rise of Stoicism in the 3rd century BC, Cynicism as a serious philosophical activity underwent a decline,[3][58] and it is not until the Roman era that Cynicism underwent a revival in the first century AD. The Cynics are not always given credit when it comes to the notion of cosmopolitanism, for the origin of this term is at times ascribed to Stoicism. The lesson of this exchange is clear: whereas Plato views paying court as freeing one from poverty, the Cynic sees poverty as freeing one from having to pay court to a ruler. 6, 18, 21; Aelian, x. Lartius & Hicks 1925, VI:23; Jerome, Adversus Jovinianum, 2.14. [59], There is little record of Cynicism in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC; Cicero (c. 50 BC), who was much interested in Greek philosophy, had little to say about Cynicism, except that "it is to be shunned; for it is opposed to modesty, without which there can be neither right nor honor. Hicks translation is altered for this article.). By defining cynicism as an attitude, attitude components are used for consumer cynicism in the same way and cynicism is studied, just like attitude, in cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions. Act exactly the same with your boss and your barista. U. S. A. It was based on a refusal to accept the assumptions and habits that discourage people from questioning conventional dogmas, and thus hold us back from the search for deep wisdom and happiness. However, a transition to spears and then to staffs occurred until wearing any weapon in the city became a foolish old custom. He became so taken with the figure of Socrates that he asked the bookseller where he might find such a man. 16; Epictetus, Diogenes Lartius, vi. Whereas a modern cynic might say, for instance, that the president is an idiot and thus his policies arent worth considering, the ancient cynic would examine each policy impartially. As Diogenes reappraisal of shame suggests, the Cynics are not relativists. They practiced shameless nonconform This was a popular criticism of the Christians and it continued on into the 4th century.[87]. Cynics seem to have survived into the third century CE; two of Julians orations from 361 CE disparage the Cynics of his day for lacking the asceticism and hardiness of real Cynics. Some scholars have argued that the Q document, a hypothetical common source for the gospels of Matthew and Luke, has strong similarities to the teachings of the Cynics. misanthropic suggests a rooted distrust and dislike of human beings and their society. But it wont change the fact that the modern cynical outlook on life is terrible for your well-being. This has important ethical connections to the notion of living in accord with nature, and can likewise be seen as an important precursor to the Stoic understanding of physis, or nature, as identical to the kosmos, or universe. We can define Cynicism as a practical philosophy that exhibits a permeating and inflexible commitment to saying no to the values, norms, beliefs, practices, traditions, also : a cynical comment or act. The cloak came as an allusion to Socrates and his manner of dress, while the staff was to the club of Heracles. [51] He is said to have been a pupil of Diogenes,[52] but again this is uncertain. A person wearing this shirt is clearly suspicious of the world, and not particularly interested in making friends with everyone. Cynicism here is understood as a form of immanent critique because Diogenes challenges the social norms of the polis without endorsing external universal standards or predetermined models, but from illuminating Finally, cosmopolitanism revises the traditional conception of the political duties of an individual. Christian authors, for example, praise the Cynics for their self-discipline, independence, and mendicant lifestyle, but rebuke the bawdy aspects of Cynic shamelessness. In ancient Greece, the followers of the philosopher Antisthenes were referred to as kynikos (doglike); when cynical was first used in English, it often was in reference to this group of philosophers. 3. [56] The Cynic strain to be found in early Stoicism (such as Zeno's own radical views on sexual equality spelled out in his Republic) can be ascribed to Crates' influence. The story of Cynicism traditionally begins with Antisthenes (c. 445365 BC),[32][33] who was an older contemporary of Plato and a pupil of Socrates. The term cynic derives from Ancient Greek (kynikos)'dog-like', and (kyn)'dog' (genitive: kynos). 17 Examples of Cynicism. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Accessed 28 Jun. The Cynic way of life required continuous training, not just in exercising judgments and mental impressions, but a physical training as well: [Diogenes] used to say, that there were two kinds of exercise: that, namely, of the mind and that of the body; and that the latter of these created in the mind such quick and agile impressions at the time of its performance, as very much facilitated the practice of virtue; but that one was imperfect without the other, since the health and vigour necessary for the practice of what is good, depend equally on both mind and body. An obscure reference to "the Dog" in Aristotle's, Christian August Brandis, Scholium on Aristotle's. Shamelessness, which allowed Diogenes to use any space for any purpose, was primary in the invention of Diogenes the Dog.. [82] One Cynic, Peregrinus Proteus, lived for a time as a Christian before converting to Cynicism,[83] whereas in the 4th century, Maximus of Alexandria, although a Christian, was also called a Cynic because of his ascetic lifestyle. Happy? Little is known about the developmental process of this phenomenon and its relations with signature character strengths and well-being. By which I mean followers of Groucho, not Karl. He experiences intense physical pain from his leg as well as emotional pain stemming from his divorce and loneliness. WordReference Random House Unabridged Dictionary of The third reason is that the dog is a good guard, and they guard the tenets of their philosophy. These items became so symbolic of the Cynic vocation that ancient writers accosted those who thought that donning the Cynic garb would make them suited to the philosophy. originates in the philosophical schools of ancient Greece that claim a Socratic lineage. Whether cynicism is more warranted now than ever is yours to decide. Read: There are two kinds of happy people. With a few notable exceptions, the philosophers of antiquity can be found at some time or another in the company of rulers (Plato, Aeschines, and Aristippus all attended the court of Dionysius, Xenophon is intimately associated with Cyrus, Aristotle with the Macedonian ruling family, and so on). Email: japiering@ualr.edu Writing in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General in 2020, psychologists found that cynical attitudes lead to being treated disrespectfullypossibly because cynics tend to show disrespect to others, leading to a vicious cycle. Cynicism is often confused with pessimism or nihilism, perhaps due to its distrust in others. That way, when you criticize them, youre a mile away and you have their shoes., This joke is a cynical response to a common moral sentiment. Delivered to your inbox! his tearful insistence that I didnt ask to get made), and a single close friend, Groot, whom he trusts completely. In other words, what may have originated as a disparaging label became the designation of a philosophical vocation. "[7] Later Cynics also sought to turn the word to their advantage, as a later commentator explained: There are four reasons why the Cynics are so named. Delivered to your inbox! To call the Cynics a school though, immediately raises a difficulty for so unconventional and anti-theoretical a group. A nihilist might kill others for sport; a cynic would never do that, but wouldnt be too surprised if someone else did. In a drama or other serious story, the emotional tone is generally pretty grim. Such behavior only bred cynicism Instead of training the body for the sake of victory in the Olympic Games, on the battlefield, or for general good health, the Cynic trains the body for the sake of the soul. Many of the most compelling characters in literature and life are cynics. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">, Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Epictetus in particular advocates the Cynic stance, but warns against taking up lightly something so difficult (see Discourses 3.22). The survey included 622 people who were tested for dementia for a period of 8 years. In the list of works ascribed to Antisthenes by Diogenes Lartius,[36] writings on language, dialogue and literature far outnumber those on ethics or politics,[37] although they may reflect how his philosophical interests changed with time. There were no happiness surveys in Antistheness times, so we cant compare the ancient cynics life satisfaction with that of those around them who did not share their philosophy. Send us feedback about these examples. They practiced shameless nonconformity with social norms in religion, manners, housing, dress, or decency, instead advocating the pursuit of virtue in accordance with a simple and natural way of life. Check out the pronunciation, synonyms and grammar. pessimistic implies having a gloomy, distrustful view of life. Out of the Kennel: The History of Cynical. [7] George Bernard Shaw allegedly expressed this succinctly: "The power of accurate observation is commonly called cynicism by those who don't have it". Part of the reason is that theyre realistic, of course: the real world is full of all sorts of cynics, so cynical characters are very believable. Webthe belief that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere: He's often been accused of cynicism in his attitude towards politics. Synonyms of cynicism. Learn a new word every day. British English pronunciation Word Frequency cynical in American English (snkl ) adjective 1. believing that people are motivated in all their actions only by selfishness; denying the sincerity of people's motives and actions, or the value of living 2. sarcastic, sneering, etc. WebBritannica Dictionary definition of CYNICISM. [14] Heracles "was he who brought Cerberus, the hound of Hades, from the underworld, a point of special appeal to the dog-man, Diogenes. First because of the indifference of their way of life, for they make a cult of indifference and, like dogs, eat and make love in public, go barefoot, and sleep in tubs and at crossroads. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [75][76] Scholars on the quest for the historical Jesus, such as Burton L. Mack and John Dominic Crossan of the Jesus Seminar, have argued that 1st-century AD Galilee was a world in which Hellenistic ideas collided with Jewish thought and traditions. It was found that straight dry, "issues-based" news did not cause political cynicism, but that "Strategic News" and "game news" did. Accessed 28 Jun. As human beings, we often use humor to process negative emotions and deal with unpleasant experiences. "[70], Unlike Stoicism, which declined as an independent philosophy after the 2nd century CE, Cynicism seems to have thrived into the 4th century. Nglish: Translation of cynicism for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of cynicism for Arabic Speakers. "[85] The ascetic orders of Christianity (such as the Desert Fathers) also had direct connection with the Cynics, as can be seen in the wandering mendicant monks of the early church, who in outward appearance and in many of their practices differed little from the Cynics of an earlier age. Menippean Satire has a clear debt, and Diogenes of Sinope in particular appears as a character in literary and philosophical contexts; Dante, for example, situates Diogenes with other virtuous but pagan philosophers in the first level of hell and Nietzsche is especially fond of both Diogenes and the Cynic attitude. When 'thingamajig' and 'thingamabob' just won't do, A simple way to keep them apart. Instead of a cocktail, have a glass of water, and consider the refreshment you get from every sip. Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental health condition in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. If this sounds like Christianity or even Buddhism, it should: Greek philosophers, including skeptics, who were contemporaries of the cynics, were probably influenced by Indian traditions when they visited the subcontinent with Alexander the Great, and in the following centuries, the ideas of cynicism and its offshoot stoicism heavily influenced early Christian thought. What was satire then is ideology today: Cynicismthe belief that people are generally morally bankrupt and behave treacherously in order to maximize self-interestdominates American culture. A sardonic tone is hostile and grim, often with a mocking sort of humor. In the early 6th century BC, Anacharsis, a Scythian sage, had combined plain living together with criticisms of Greek customs in a manner which would become standard among the Cynics.

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