impact of religious conflict on society

Therefore, coping as atravelling concept can be particularly fruitful for the interdisciplinary study of conflicts with religious dimensions. Saler, Benson. Reading about sex in the bible: coping with ambiguities. For example, Gordon Allport, one the 20th centurys most influential social psychologists, studied why some religious people, in seeming contradiction to most faith-based texts, report harboring high levels of racial prejudice. Coping in the most general sense means dealing with stressful situations in order to reduce the experience of stress or sadness. Two-thirds of Democrats who say Christianitys influence is declining (65%) cite misconduct by religious leaders as a major cause, compared with 52% of Republicans who say this. The most common type of response involves large-scale societal and cultural changes happening in the U.S. (14%). 2012b. We have described them as aprerequisite for the development of coping strategies for todays conflicts. 2019. 3). Meaning-focused or appraisal-focused coping challenges ones own assumptions and aims at alleviating harm or suffering caused by the conflict by cognitive re-evaluation and interpretation of asituation.Footnote 5 (Fig. 2018. It can cross the border between pure descriptive analysis and the more prescriptive recommendation. If you're interested in learning more about the history of religious conflict, the causes of religious conflict, and strategies for resolving religious conflict, then this blog post is for you. Religion in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. Nirenberg, David. First, this paper presents guiding questions for such acontext-sensitive conflict analysis; second, it presents an analytical model that visualizes the relevant conflict factors, dimensions of religion and types of coping and facilitates questions about their interactions. How do the varied dimensions of religion interact with other factors in specific conflicts? What impact can religious intolerance have on societies (e.g. Simon J.A. Lee Marsden, 119135. The question of how the success or failure of coping strategies can be measured is more difficult to answer in social conflicts than in individual cases. Good Essays. Conflict resolution and religious dimensions of armed conflict. 2016. Sonderband, Vol. The institutionalization of the Landfrieden in the Thurgau, 15311610. The spike in religious violence is global and affects virtually every religious group. Awide variety of definitions and approaches are used to study conflicts with religious dimensions (see Koppe 2010; Crudu and Radu 2011; Frazer and Friedli 2015; Pollack 2018; Krech 2018). Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. This fluidity can be seen as an advantage. The different types of coping correlate with three essential dimensions of religion. Fragmented dominion, fragmented churches. Are these structures robust enough to deal with religiously connoted conflicts in apeaceful way? Transforming Conflicts with Religious Dimensions: Using the Cultural Linguistic Model. Furthermore, coping is also particularly well suited to the differentiated analysis of conflict transformation because it can relate to all three time levels: Past, present and future. Internal conflicts between or among the people of the same religious groups are caused by; fighting for positions to be leaders in the group or there may be grumbling over the utilization of the resources of the religious group. Zur Geschichte der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung im 20. This includes mentions of changes in family structure (3%), a general decline in morals in the U.S. (2%) and religion being taken out of schools (2%) as reasons for Christianitys declining influence. London: Harptree Publishing. The morals and values of religious dones are more similar to those of religious Americans than they are to the morals and values of other nonreligious Americans. Just under half of respondents offered an answer, and the responses covered a wide array of topics. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Religions, on the other hand, have different orientations. Religion und Modernitt: Sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven. For instance, the enduring impact of religious observance on values appears to be strongest among former evangelical Protestants. Nevertheless, they highlight how defensive psychological reactions in response to religious intolerance can, perhaps ironically, fan the flames of intolerance. 1989. Which of those aspects become actually relevant and in what way they interact in aconcrete conflict cannot be explained in general terms, but must be carefully analyzed for each individual case. But do the model and the coping concept also have the potential to provide recommendations for current conflicts? impact at national level where ethno-religious bi-polarization remains a key conflict driver. Head, Randolph. Religion, spirituality, and religious-secular competition. In Sociology Inquiries into the Construction of Social Forms, Vol. Roughly three-in-ten say growth in the number of adherents of non-Christian faiths, the association of Christianity with conservative politics, or government policies limiting religions role in public life have been major causes of Christianitys waning influence. Diapraxis: Towards Joint Ownership and Co-citizenship. To illustrate this, lets take alook at Swiss history. Zur strafrechtlichen Beobachtung religiser Pluralitt. Roughly one-in-three cite Gods intervention, positive portrayals of Christianity in popular culture, and Christians efforts to build communities of people who watch out for one another as major causes of Christianitys growing influence. The psychology of religion and coping. Section 2 looks at the relationship between science and religion in five religious traditions, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. In Religion and conflict. Established strategies of conflict resolution therefore often reach their limits in such conflicts. Gordon, Bruce. Genve: Labor et Fides. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Zeitschrift fr Religion, Gesellschaft und Politik, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-021-00064-2, https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/321562/PP6-1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, https://www.eda.admin.ch/dam/eda/mehrsprachig/documents/publications/Politorbis/politorbis-52_EN.pdf, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalyse229-DE.pdf, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/transformation, https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Bulletin_2018_08_AU.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The purpose of this article is to assess the religious diversity impact on the well-being level of . It does not aim at solving aconflict that may not be solved, but it aims at looking for ways to shape and manage conflicts with religious dimensions. These conflict factors as well as the respective coping mechanisms interact and overlap with each other and therefore constitute the dynamics and the complexity of conflicts. Folkman, Samuel. Carver, Charles S., Michael F.Scheier, and Jagdish K.Weintraub. (2016). Language, religion, and ethnic civil war. Christian Nnlist, Oliver Thrnert, 147152. Interdisciplinary collaborative research is faced with aseries of challenges: Shared questions, topics and approaches have to be found that enable adiscussion across disciplinary boundaries and guarantee the notorious added value. Ideen, Identitten und Institutionen: Explikation eines multidimensionalen Religionsbegriffs in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. And at the same time, it must be precise enough to be able to clearly exclude what does not come into view under the lens of the respective concept. Some scholars, especially in the cultural sciences, have started to advocate the use of so-called travelling concepts as apromising way out of this dilemma, and they strongly favour travelling concepts as asuitable medium for interdisciplinary research. Dr. Pasek studies intergroup relations, with a dual emphasis on how (1) religious group membership and religious beliefs affect the ability for people from diverse backgrounds to peacefully coexist and how (2) targeted interventions can improve psychological well-being and intergroup relations. This can be shown, for instance, by the case of religiously motivated male circumcision. Michael H. Pasek, Ph.D. is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at The New School for Social Research. Prof. Dr. Katharina Heyden (Theologische Fakultt), https://www.histtheol.unibe.ch/ueber_uns/personen/prof_dr_heyden_katharina/index_ger.html, Prof. Dr. Martino Mona (Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultt), https://www.krim.unibe.ch/ueber_uns/personen/prof_dr_mona_martino/index_ger.html. Are there performed rituals or propagated ways of life? If the religious perception of community and genuine integrity and trust are ruined, you can compare that society with a sandcastle, a society that is not able to protect itself from the irremediable sea. We wanted to find out who experiences religious threat and how they respond. Historically, the conflict was not sustainably resolved in this way. This approach is at the heart of the Interfaculty Research Cooperation (IRC) on Religious Conflicts and Coping Strategies at the University of Bern that we established in 2018. There is no agreement about what these differences are, their relative . New York: John Wiley & Sons. As we have seen with the example of male circumcision, it is impossible to focus on only one dimension without affecting the other. 2012, p.6). Just over half of people who see Christianitys influence as increasing (55%) do not cite another reason for this trend (in addition to those specifically measured by the survey). And Americans with a high school degree or less education are much more inclined than college graduates to say the Bible should influence U.S. laws (58% vs. 38%). 5 Pages. In everyday life, people use all three types of coping, sometimes overlapping them. In dem ursprnglich aus der Psychologie stammenden Konzept des Coping werden Personen als Akteure angesehen, die in der Lage sind, mit belastenden Situationen auf emotionaler, sachlicher und deutend-evaluativer Ebene umzugehen. How does gender influence the way we think about Muslims and Christians in America? Critical Inquiry 26:175192. Some respondents also give answers about advances in science and technology and increased educational attainment contributing to a decreased need for religion (6%). In policy perspectives in security policy, vol. By turning away from the concept of conflict resolution and by replacing it with the concept of conflict transformation, Lederach focuses not on solutions, but on the dynamics of conflicts, not on ending conflicts, but on shaping them. Religion plays a huge role in our daily lives. You were told that it is opium for the people, unscientific and primitive; in short, that she is a delusion. 1996. In this sense, acentral achievement or function of the law lies in objectifying (religious) conflicts by breaking them down into conflicts of specific interests or rights. Half of U.S. adults say the Bible should have a great deal or some influence on the countrys laws. More than half of white Protestants who do not self-identify as born-again or evangelical Christians also want the Bible to have at least some influence on U.S. laws, though people in this group are much less inclined than white evangelicals or black Protestants to say the Bible should have a great deal of influence. Many maintain some of the attributes of religious people, such as volunteering and charitable giving, even after they leave regular faith practices behind. Religion und Konflikt in der Schweizer Friedenspolitik. Coping as aconcept originates from psychologists, who describe individuals as active beings who are able to deal with stressful situations on emotional, factual and interpretative-evaluative levels. New York: Norton. While we moving in a world filled with cars, motorbikes (read reviews on motorcycle helmet cameras), and various technology, we have not forgotten about religion and the way it has shaped us into better persons. The comparison is complicated by the fact that Catholic-Protestant conflict in Europe was, in the main, a single-stranded religious conflict within the same nation or ethnic group, 2 whereas in Ireland it was a communal conflict based on multiple, overlapping, differences. In the U.S., the most recent FBI data show religion to be the second most targeted social category in hate crimes for the third year in a row. Baumann, Jonas, Daniel Finnbogason, and Isak Svensson. The Ingraham Angle 6/16/23 HD | FOX BREAKING NEWS June 16, 2023 | Fox News, The Ingraham Angle From the perspective of members of the religion, the legal debate on whether circumcision can be identified as an (illegal) form of bodily harm completely misses the point; it is aritual that forms identities and provides important narratives, images and values. This also clarifies to some extent what concepts are not: They are not and shall not be usedor misunderstoodas precise definitions. Power and authority not only play arole on the problem-oriented level, but in sometimes more subtle ways power questions are also of importance on the level of discourse, i.e., meaning-focused coping. The Dutch cultural scientist Mieke Bal then took up the travel metaphor, but preferred to speak of travelling concepts instead of theories (Bal 2002). 1). For such adifferentiated, context-sensitive analysis of religious dimensions in conflicts, the following questions may prove to be helpful. Lederach, John Paul. This is an important finding, because a large and growing number of Americans are leaving organized religion, and there is still much to be learned about the psychological and social consequences of this decline in religion. Half of black Protestants share this view. Religion and conflict. Vom Umgang der Schweiz mit religisen Konflikten. Wiesbaden: Springer. Krech, Volkhard. Provincializing Europe: postcolonial thought and historical difference. Compared with other Christian groups and especially with religious nones, white evangelical Protestants who say Christianitys influence is declining are more inclined to blame this on societys changing standards relating to sex and sexuality and on negative portrayals of Christianity in popular culture. Your sense of community arises through mutual experiences with others. Summary: Do children raised by religious parents have better social and psychological development than those raised in non-religious homes? In Religion in Conflict Transformation Politorbis Zeitschrift zur Aussenpolitik 52., ed. The contrary opinion of opponents of male circumcision might be legally sound and convincing but ignores the crucial ritualized purpose of the circumcision and is therefore seen as presumptuous and even insolent. However, one can observe different scopes and intensities of intentionality of coping, and it is worthwhile to distinguish between them when adapting the coping concept to social conflicts. The shift from conflict resolution to conflict transformation has been significantly influenced by John Paul Lederach (2003, 2014). Thus, by introducing the concept of coping into conflict research, we aim to contribute to further developing and differentiating the approach and the methodology of conflict transformation, with aspecial focus on conflicts involving religion. These are the main categories of belonging and ascription that are used to mark peoples identities and along which conflicts are carried out.Footnote 8 Religious belonging, like other social identity markers, has the potential to serve or to hinder the integration in societies through collective obligation. It is also apparent that some travelling concepts, such as transformation, image, intertextuality or performance, have already created new fields of research and study programmes. For the interdisciplinary analysis of conflicts involving religion an approach via various dimensions of the religious proves to be more meaningful than concrete definitions (Krech 2018). Schliesser (2019) who emphasizes the fluidity of both concepts, conflict resolution and conflict transformation. The world, the text and the critic. This approach also facilitates the assessment of different coping attempts in view of similar conflicts. Overall, six-in-ten people who think Christianitys influence is waning say that growth in the number of people in the U.S. who are not religious is a major cause of the change, and a similar share (58%) blame misconduct by ministers, priests or other Christian leaders. By contrast, 55% of Christians who think Christianitys influence is growing see Gods intervention as a major cause, and 51% say this about Christians efforts to build strong communities. Moreover, donors appear to remain unclear on how to address globalized religion and to counteract divisive global trends (e.g. In contrast to individual contexts, in social and political conflicts the various forms and acts of coping as well as the success of that coping must be described in amulti-perspective way with regard to many different actors, their intentions and power. By introducing coping as anew concept into conflict research, we aim to provide an analytical instrument for further inter- and transdisciplinary investigation. Since 2018, researchers from various academic disciplinestheology, psychology, law, religious studies, social anthropology, jewish studies, islamic studies, political sciences, history, communication studies, philosophy, gender . In Handbuch der Religionssoziologie, ed. Two-thirds of Republicans and those who lean toward the GOP say the Bible should have a great deal or some influence on the countrys laws. 1983. Just one-in-ten religious nones take these positions. In psychology coping is considered successful when the individual feeling of stress with regard to the balance between person and environment or their requirements and possibilities for action has been reduced; positive forms of coping lead to abetter state of health on apersonal level. In twelve individual interdisciplinary projects, historical and contemporary conflicts with religious dimensions are examined (www.religious-conflicts.unibe.ch). Where do they show potential weaknesses? Roughly half of Republicans and those who lean toward the Republican Party see at least some conflict between their own religious beliefs and mainstream American culture (48%), higher than the 37% of Democrats and Democratic leaners who say the same. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-021-00064-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41682-021-00064-2. Majorities have changed; power structures have to be adjusted. The question should not be whether or not religion causes conflicts, but when and how exactly religious dimensions become relevant in specific conflicts: Under which political, historical and social conditions does religion cause, fuel, pacify or resolve aconflict situation? 2016. From the Reformation in the sixteenth century until the nineteenth century the country was affected by religious conflicts, which led to at least five wars (Head 2005; Pfister 2007; Gordon 2002). How do these coping strategies applied by actors involved in aconflictbe they religious or decidedly non-religiousinfluence the dynamics of aconflict? Consider, for example, how often spontaneous attempts at coping with wounded religious feelings can influence conflicts. Baden-Baden: Nomos. All Rights Reserved | Tourable Child Themeby, Actos cuaresmales torno santa teresa jesus, Convocado concurso escolar quien santa teresa ti, Religion is the most prominent sense of community, A Foundation for Community, Belief and Meaning, Nurturing a Thriving Community of Believers on TikTok, The Relationship between Religion and Society, How Various Religions Pray For Daily Protection Against Evil and Temptation, Exploring How The Religious Sector Harnesses the Power of Office Applications for Work, How Religion and Business Outsourcing Can Come Together. Sharia Sharia, or Islamic law, offers moral and legal guidance for nearly all aspects of life - from marriage and divorce, to inheritance and contracts, to criminal punishments. Countless attempts at adefinition have been discussed so far. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Article Legal and military solutions, for example, are problem-oriented because they change the conditions of aconflict area. One reason for this is that they are not bound to acomprehensive theory that is so rich in prerequisites that it cannot be transferred to another academic discipline. Neighboring faiths: christianity, islam, and judaism in the middle ages and today. 2012. External conflict may be of a higher magnitude compared to the internal ones. Bad religion? Introduction [1] By extolling freedom of religion in the schools, President Bill Clinton has raised the level of debate on the importance of religion to American life. We thank all colleagues from the IRC, and especially the Members of the International Scientific Board: Prof. Anna Sapir-Abulafia (Oxford), Prof. Michael Bongardt (Siegen), Prof. Andreas Feldtkeller (Berlin), Prof. Nicola Lacey (London) and Prof. Joram Tarusarira (Groningen) for valuable impulses which inspired this paper. Koppe, Karlheinz. Ending holy wars: religion and conflict resolution in civil wars. These views are particularly widespread among white evangelical Protestants, two-thirds of whom see at least some conflict between their own religious beliefs and mainstream American culture. Conflicts involving religion often intensify, elude resolution or lose their constructive and socializing potential, because strong emotional, factual and interpretive aspects are interwoven. The resulting experience of scarcity initially generates emotional reactions, which call for emotion-based coping strategies. The common goal is to make the concept of coping, that originates in individual psychology, fruitful for conflict research. This shows how, for example, different actors in the debate at hand, be it intra-societal and mostly non-violent conflicts such as circumcision or the ban on burqa, or inter- and intrastate violent conflicts and civil wars, such as radical Islamic terrorism or the Palestine conflict, cope either emotionally, factually or rational-evaluatively. The following model and questions should serve as tools for such analysis. Introducing anew concept in conflict research, Ein neues Konzept in der Konfliktforschung, Zeitschrift fr Religion, Gesellschaft und Politik Very robust coping structures can manage to reduce the potential for harmful conflicts over many generations. Ines-Jacqueline Werkner, 235265. Strategic behaviour thus presupposes acertain amount of analysis of the conflict situation at hand including the analytical question on what specific coping category to pick and what the specific goals one wants to reach with acertain coping strategy are. Richard Lazarus went beyond defence mechanisms in cases of trauma and an emphasis on pathology to include cognitive and behavioural responses that ordinary people use in their daily lives to cope with negative, particularly stressful situations (Lazarus 1966, 1991).

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